Project Write-ups

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is about integration of intelligent traffic control system, for the types of collisions, congestions and traffics rules. The examples and perceptive in this project deal primarily with World computerized traffic control system and some civilized countries. Traffic light, also known as traffic signal, stop light, traffic lamp, stop and go light, robots or semaphore, are signaling a devices positioned at road inspections, pedestrian crossing, and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The increase in urbanization and traffic congestion create an urgent need to operate our transportation systems with maximum efficiency. Real-time traffic signal control is an integral part of modern Urban Traffic Control Systems aimed at achieving optimal Utilization of the road network. Providing effective real time traffic signal control for a large complex traffic network is an extremely challenging distributed control problem. Signal system operation is further complicated by the recent trend that views traffic signal system as a small component of an integrated multimodal transportation System. Optimization of traffic signals and other control devices for the efficient movement of traffic on streets and highways constitutes a challenging part of the advanced traffic management system of intelligent transportation system. Simply defined, Intelligent Transport Systems and Services is the integration of information and communications technology with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users. For a large-scale traffic management system, it may be difficult or impossible to tell whether the traffic network is flowing smoothly and assess its current state. Over the past few years, multi-agent systems have become a crucial technology for effectively exploiting the increasing availability of diverse, heterogeneous and distributed information sources. Researchers over the Years have adopted numerous techniques and used various tools to implement multi-agent systems for their problem domains. As researchers gain a better understanding of these autonomous multi-agent systems, more features are incorporated into them to enhance their performance and the enhanced systems can then be used for more complex application domains. Intelligent software agent is an autonomous computer program, which interacts with and assists an end user in certain computer related tasks. In any agent, there is always a certain level of intelligence. The level of the Intelligence could vary from pre-determined roles and responsibilities to a learning entity. Multi-Agent System is the aggregate of agents, whose object is to decompose the large system to several small systems which communicate and coordinate with each other and can he extended easily. Agent-based simulations are models where multiple entities sense and stochastically respond to conditions in their local environments, mimicking complex large scale system behavior. The urban traffic system is a much complex system, which involved many entities and the relationship among them are Complicated. Therefore, the most important issues for a learner agent is the assessment of the behavior and the intelligence level of the other agents. By sharing vital information, Intelligent Traffic System allows people to get more from transport networks, with greater safety and with less impact on the environment. Intelligent Traffic System helps the whole transport system to work most effectively and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System integrates users, transport systems, and vehicles through state-of-the-art information and communications technologies. Intelligent Traffic System can dramatically improve travelers’ safety, efficiency and comfort. Intelligent Traffic System helps shippers and carriers move freight to its destination reliably and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System helps the people who run transport systems provide better service to their customers. Intelligent Traffic System helps get the best value from the road and rail systems we already have. Intelligent Traffic System helps traffic flow more smoothly, reducing delays, fuel consumption, and air and noise pollution. Intelligent Traffic System helps make public transport more convenient and affordable. Intelligent Traffic System often works behind the scenes. When emergency vehicles get to a crash site more rapidly than before, Intelligent Traffic System is detecting the crash, notifying emergency services, and getting the nearest response unit rapidly to the site. Technology in a vehicle prevents skidding and helps the vehicle to stop safely; the driver may not even realize that assistance was provided, but Intelligent Traffic System is at work. statement of the problem Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub urban spend more of their time commuting to work, school, shopping, and social event as well as dealing with traffic light jambs and accidents. Traffic became heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between sub urban locations. Sub urban business locations required huge parking lots because employees have to drive; there were few buses trains, or trolleys to carry scatter workers to their work place. The hope of reduced congestion in the sub urban had not been realized; long commutes and traffic jams could be found everywhere. AIMS and objectiveS Intelligent Traffic System provides travel opportunities and additional travel choices for more people in more ways, wherever they live, work and play, regardless of age or disability. The aims of this research work are: To design and implement an intelligent traffic control system. To develop a suitable algorithm to implement the design. To simulate the intelligent traffic control using Visual Basic programming. The first objective is to make each of the traffic lights or semaphores smart. That is, aware of the time of day, basic turn red, green or yellow rules, and perhaps what traffic looks like in all directions based upon locally mounted signals. In achieving these aims, the following objectives will also be followed: To design a simple system that is easily adaptable to the existing traffic conditions at the junction, involving a minimum of physical changes in the intersection. To provide the quickest possible clearance to vehicular and pedestrian traffic in all directions at a junction. To a design flexible artificial intelligence traffic light system that will take care of changes in the traffic density and character. To reduce the stress of the traffic warder. To reduce the occurrence of possible accident. To verify the efficacy of the program.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The important of this research work are: It will help in reducing the occurrence of possible collision or accident and thereby improve the confidence of the driver and the pedestrian plighting through the highways. The project to allay the fear of time wastage at the junctions because of unevenly directions of traffic system. Since the system is capable of working for 24hours uninterrupted thereby assured constant availability of traffic control service hence reduce human effort and energy.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope is the design of an intelligent traffic control system. The modern method of traffic control system is indicating each light at a particular time interval to pass a vehicle at one lane and stop vehicle on the other lane. The light is broken into three (3) categories (Red, Yellow,  and Green) to signal to lane on what to do at a particular time where the red signify STOP, yellow signify READY, and green signify MOVE. Each light is designed to turn itself on whenever it is necessary and turn off the time elapse.
Limitation of the study
Traffic congestion is a serious problem despite costly effort to create an integrated method of traffic control system. The number of private automobiles used mainly by people with middle and income, has increased faster than any form of transportation in Lagos (Nigeria) and this has increased a demand of expansion of roads, parking space and improved computerized traffic control system.
Methodology
The designed method employed for the intelligent traffic control system for this case study was the use of Split Cycle and Offset Optimization Technique. This technique used was use for the signal timing optimization and also to make a series of frequent adjustment for signal timing to minimize the modeled vehicle delays of the case study. The method is developed to meet the need of today`s traffic management. Visual basic was the developed program used for designing the intelligent control system of the case study and its design analysis as a functional designed method for the specification that identifies whether a new replacement system is required. This is done so as to ensure proper accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness which is the basic of a traffic control system.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Traffic Light: A road signal for directing vehicular traffic by means of colour lights, typically red for stop, green for go, and yellow for proceed with caution. Intelligent Traffic System: refers to information and communication technology  that improve transport outcomes such as transport safety, transport productivity, travel reliability, informed travel choices, social equity, environmental performance and network operation resilience. Intelligent Traffic System will help all travelers get where they need to go regardless of age or disability and regardless of where they live. Intelligent Traffic System will provide better information on available services to travelers who cannot or choose not to drive including those who are mobility or sight-impaired. Intelligent Traffic System will also help make it easier to pay for transport services. The future will include a single electronic payment mechanism to pay for fuel, tolls, public transport fares, parking, and a variety of other charges that busy travelers encounter every day. Intelligent Traffic System will help convey the needs and interests of transport system customers to the people who manage the system, helping to ensure a transport system that is responsive to those needs and interests. Intelligent Traffic System will help managers of the transport system to make services safer and simultaneously available for motorists, cyclists, pedestrians, and users of public transport. Intelligent Traffic System will help focus the transport system on meeting the needs of all its customers. Better meeting customer needs means a renewed focus on customer service and effective operations.

ABSTRACT
This project work is meant to design an automated inventory control system for Guinness Nigeria Plc. According to Kower (2011), who defined inventory as “an asset that is owned by a business that has the express purpose of being sold to a customer. This includes items sold to end customers or distributors. It includes raw materials, and finished goods. The need for this automated system was to solve the problems that were associated with the manual system of inventory control in the company; some of these problems were traced to strenuous paper work and calculation in taking down stock after and during sales or purchase of new products or raw materials. In other to solve this problem, there was an analysis that was carried out on the old system so as to know how to automate the new system to perform more than the conventional system that was used in the company. From the analysis, the system will be designed to achieve the following: Enable the management to get the information about stock levels of various items in the least possible time, Provides a kind of inventory system that can link to sales and accounting departments. The new system was designed with Microsoft visual basic
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Kower (2011) defined inventory as “an asset that is owned by a business that has the express purpose of being sold to a customer. This includes items sold to end customers or distributors. It includes raw materials, and finished goods. The management of inventory is a key concern of all businesses. Inventory generally refers to the materials in stock. It is also called the idle resource of an enterprise. Inventories represent those items which are either stocked for sale or they are in the process of manufacturing or they are in the form of materials, which are yet to be utilised. The interval between receiving the purchased parts and transforming them into final products varies from industries to industries depending upon the cycle time of manufacture. It is, therefore, necessary to hold inventories of various kinds to act as a buffer between supply and demand for efficient operation of the system. Thus, an effective control on inventory is a must for smooth and efficient running of the production cycle with least interruptions in companies using Guinness Nigeria Plc as case study. Spencer (2000) defined inventory as the stock of goods that business firm has no band including raw materials suppliers and finished goals. Inventory refers to the goods kept by a firm or an organization that are either used in production kept for resale, or in the process of being manufactured to the finished products. To the entire three definitions, inventory means money tied up in property that is intended to sale or used in merchandising concern, the inventory will be made up mostly of finished goods but in a manufacturing environment, a major part of the inventory was made up of raw materials and goods that have been particularly processed. The former belongs to raw materials inventory while the later one is classified as work in process inventory. There are other items, which though used up in the production process so does not form part of the final product. Examples are lubricants, pencil etc. are called supplies. There are some advantages to be derived from keeping large inventory. A good inventory system is cost associated with this: a good inventory system should have an effective way of determining the acceptable trade off to enhance the profitability of the firm. These method and term relating inventory are discussed in chapter two.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In other to carry out the process of adequate inventory control system stock of various products is usually kept. Keeping and controlling of inventory is a primary duty of the store department with inputs from the sales and purchasing departments. Guinness Nigeria Plc is still at a development phase of its system including the inventory system to meet up with the current time. The inventory system being used currently is wholly manual and involves a lot of paper work and calculation, which hopefully will be standardized with time. The present system is only effective to some extent and may not stand the test of time as the company goes into selling and buying of products or other accessories. This will meet new stock of product to be kept. Complex sales are in fact flexible, dynamic and efficient inventory system as outlined above requires electronic data processing to implement. The computer provides the solution to such problem.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to device and design a computer based inventory control system, which will among other things.
i. Enable the management to get the information about stock levels of various items in the least possible time.
ii. Ensure that the quality information in (i) above is maintained
iii. Provides a kind of inventory system that can link to sales and accounting departments.
iv. Has an in-built learning system on re-order level to avoid expenses stock out.
v. Computer system should be used to replace the manual process of handling information, so as to ensure that information will be always accurate.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
All businesses rely on inventory control systems to be able to run their business. Inventory control systems play this significant role by accounting for all goods or products. It also shows where a particular item is in the flow of sales, whether it be in a warehouse or on a store shelf. Below is some of the significance of the research work
I.The system will assist management in making important business decisions.
II. To design an effective and accurate record keeping techniques in terms of the stock of Guinness products.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Sales and accounting inventory system are all embarking in nature, however, all the areas can not be covered at once the work is therefore limited in the computerization of items or products inventory and monitoring of machinery, products and equipment in Guinness Nigeria Plc.

INTRODUCTION
An online examination system for recruitment of staff is a web application that establishes a network between the organization and applicants. The organization enters on the site the questions they want in the exam. These questions are displayed as a test to the eligible students. The answers inputted by the applicants are then evaluated and their score is calculated and saved. This score then can be accessed by the inst to determine the passes students or to evaluate their performance. Online Exams System provides the platform but does not directly participate in, nor is it involved in any tests conducted. Questions are posted not by the site, but users of the site.  According to Yu, Hsiao and Cho (2014), online examinations are convenient, and fast. Online examination has three main purposes: To allow test-takers at different places to take the test at the same time through the online examination website. Through careful planning and proper coding, enable tests, grading and to check results on the website. To integrate database with the program, allowing teachers easy addition of questions and creation of tests. The formulation of questions for a test is often treated with doubts and suspicions. In a typical online examination system, the questions are strict and set with care. Although the exam questions is in the multiple choice format (objectives), the questions are chosen at random. All students have the same questions but the order of questions is different. Since the order of the question differs on each computer, the motive in students to cheat is reduced. Cheating at examinations is unacceptable. It is common knowledge that people are likely to cheat in a network environment but this is wrong as cheating at examinations is unacceptable as it affects the fairness of an examination. This situation implies that to overcome the tendency to cheat is the major challenge in online examinations. Despite the pitfalls, online examination is very important and useful as it breaks the barrier of distance and different geographical location. Applicants from all over the world can access the system thereby giving the examiners a good chance to identify highly intelligent prospective staff. Every organization is made up of employees, and before employees are recruited, information pertaining to them is obtained, processed and analyzed after they have applied to determine their qualification for employment into a given position. For every position, there are certain skills and qualifications needed. The performance of the individual is a function of employee ability, motivation and opportunity (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). Short-listing of employees also known as Recruitment and selection, forms a core part of the central activities underlying human resource management: namely, the acquisition, development and reward of workers. It forms an important part of the work of human resource managers – or designated specialists within work organizations. It has an important role to play in ensuring worker performance and positive organizational outcomes. It is often claimed that selection of workers occurs not just to replace departing employees or add to a workforce but rather to put in place workers who can perform at a high level and demonstrate commitment.   Recruitment is important for organizations since it performs the essential function of drawing an important resource, human capital, into the organization (Boxall & Purcell, 2003; Parry & Tyson, 2008;). It has a strategic aim as it focuses on the need to attract high-quality people in order to gain a competitive advantage (Parry & Tyson, 2008; Malinowski et al, 2005). Recruiting people with the right abilities reinforces the organizational goals (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). Conducting examination before employees are recruited is very important as their level of success in the exams will reflect their level of competence or ability. Online examination widens the spectrum for organizations to reach out to more applicants and to get the best. It is on this premise that this research study is set to examine the design and implementation of an online examination system for recruitment of staff.
Statement of Problem
Many organizations do not have competitive personnel and this negatively affects the productivity and image of the organization. In addition, there is no effective structure to recruit staff that is able to stand up to the responsibility of their duties. Many organizations still adopt the manual method of recruiting and the applicants are limited to those in their immediate environment. Also, many applicants find it difficult to get to the examination centers due to distance and high cost of transportation. Organizations are unable to reach out to a wide spectrum of applicants so as to be able to recruit the best employees. The traditional examination for recruitment is usually characterized by cheating which hampers the credibility of recruited employees. There is need for a more effective system that is able to reach out to a wider spectrum of employees, breaking the barrier of distance and cost and thereby promoting the recruitment of well qualified staff.
Objectives of the study
The following are the objectives of the study;
To design and implement an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
 To identify the structure/characteristics of an online examination system for staff recruitment.
To identify the benefits of an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
To find out the challenges/disadvantages of the adoption of online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
Significance of the study
The significance of the study is that it will bring to light the relevance of adopting online examination system for employee short-listing or e-recruitment system and the need for its adoption  by organizations. It will help organizations solve the present challenges they are facing in attracting eligible and professional employees by providing a software system that processes the application of different applicants. It will also save them time and cost of recruiting. In addition, other scholars seeking for valuable information on the subject will find this research material relevant
Scope of the Study
This study covers the design and implementation of an online examination system for the recruitment of staff
SOrganization of Research
This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms.  Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter is discussed.  Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It presents the research methodology used in the development of the system, it analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter.  Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation, the choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation.  Chapter five focuses on the summary, constraints of the study, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Online: Refers to a system connected to the internet that can be accessed remotely from any part of the world. Examination: A test designed to assess somebody's ability or knowledge in a particular subject or field Employment – the condition of working for pay
Application - a formal and usually written request for something such as a job, a grant of money, or admission to a school or college
Short-list - to put somebody or something on a final list of candidates for a position or award
Recruitment - to enroll somebody as a worker or member, or to take on people as workers or members
Human resources - the field of business concerned with recruiting and managing employees
Management - the organizing and controlling of the affairs of a business or a sector of a business

INTRODUCTION
Record Keeping is the process of collecting, inputting, storing, classifying, summarizing and interpreting data. Record keeping has two facets – financial record keeping and managerial record keeping. The basic purpose of financial record is to assist decision makers in evaluating the financial strength, profitability and future prospects of a business. Managerial record keeping in contrast is tailored to the needs of a particular company. It helps the executives to measure success in carrying out their plans, to identify problems requiring executive attention and to attain company objectives. The purpose of record keeping is to produce financial statement about a business entity. Therefore in this study, we narrowed down to the record keeping system as been practiced by the business centre of Caritas University Enugu. Nearly all the tasks manually performed by man some years back can now be done in matter of seconds with computer technology. Since the invention of the “wonder machine”, there has been a change from the manual way of carrying out certain tasks to a faster and more reliable computerized method
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The business centre of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu was established with the institution in January 21, 2005. Justifiably, the business centre of Caritas University have the problem of keeping adequate record of financial transactions, workers file and managerial documents accrued by the purpose of planning, accuracy, timely data processing and security. They do this in manual means with its associated problems ofinsecurity, high cost of operation and long period of time used for processing data. The design and development of computerized record keeping system in the business centre will no doubt bring about immeasurable relief from the problems associated with manual system of record keeping. Therefore, the study is aimed at producing an efficient computer software package that can handle the record keeping system of the business centre.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Business centre of Caritas University is to an extent manually operated. The recording of sales of tickets and cash received are done manually in a book, which looks/appears rough. Thus, the books or files are exposed to physical damage by ants and pests, accumulation of dust particles; this makes the contents to be lost, misplaced or even altered. The long queue of students waiting to be attended to, on daily basis, the fatigue, time wasting in daily reports of accounts to the management can be reduced or even eliminated with the introduction of the proposed system.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to develop software that can be used in keeping records of sales and cash received or spent. Also to promote efficient and quality services to customers.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is primarily aimed at computerizing the manual system of accounting and record keeping as used in the business division of Caritas University Enugu. It will help in a good number of ways to ease the queuing method in the business centre
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objectives of this study is aimed at developing an automated record keeping system others include
To save time (fast inputting and accessing of records).
To enable the management to plan ahead.
To reduce fatigue of the staff.
To ensure accuracy in the records.
To ensure safety of the documents/records, because the system will be passworded to reduce access.
To ensure integrity of the records.
To ensure consistency of accounts and reduction of error due to damage.
To reduce forgery and loss of records by theft.
To promote efficient and quality delivery of services to customers.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the university as a whole and users/customers from outside the university community
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This work is limited to business Centre University Enugu due to time and resource constraint.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Automation: This is the use of control system such as computer to control and process data, reducing the need for human intervention
Database: This refers to a large store of related data on a computer that can be access and modified by the user.
Password: This is a secret code that a user must type into a computer to enable him access it or its applications. This is made up of numbers, letter, special character or a combination of any of the above categories.
Record System:The act of using a computer system to store and update information/data sequentially in order to keep file security.
Computerized: To convert a based system to start using a computer system to control, organize and automate something.
Research: A careful study of something, especially to discover new facts or information about it.
System: Set of computer component (that is, the assembling of hardware, software and peripherals to function together.)

ABSTRACT
Data mining is the extraction of hidden predictive information from large database which helps in predicting future trend and behavior thereby helping management make knowledge driven decisions. The data mining tool designed is to aid in quick access and retrieval of patients information to avoid time wasted in retrieving of such data from hospitals data warehouse. The data mining tool was also designed to discover hidden pattern that helps in decision making by management. Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology were used in the analysis of the existing system which also provided a guide for the design of the proposed system. PHP programming language and my SQL was used in the creation of a data warehouse for patient‟s information and data mining tool for the retrieval of such information when needed.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Data mining, is the extraction of hidden predictive information from large database, is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies focus on the most important information in their data warehouses. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge driven decisions. The automated, prospective analysis offered by data mining move beyond the analyses of past events provided by retrospective tools typical of decision support systems. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. The scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information those experts may miss because it lies outside their expectations. Most companies already collect and refine massive quantities of data. Data mining techniques can be implemented rapidly on existing software and hardware platforms to enhance the value of existing information resources, and can be integrated with new products and system as they are brought on-line. Which implemented on high performance client/server or parallel processing computers, data mining tools can analyze massive database to deliver answers to questions such as “Which client are most likely to respond to my next promotional mailing, and Why?” Data mining techniques are result of a long process research and product development. This evolution began when business data was first stored on computers, continued with improvement in data access, and more recently, generated technologies that allow users to navigate through their data in real time. Data mining takes this evolutionary process beyond retrospective data access and navigation to prospective and proactive information delivery. Data mining is ready for application in the business community because it is supported by three technologies that are sufficiently mature: massive data collection, powerful multiprocessor computers and data mining algorithms. In this evolution from business data to business information, each new step has built upon the previous one. For example, dynamic data access is critical for drill-through in data navigation applications, and the ability to store large database is critical to data mining. The file management is obsolete in developed countries like the United States where and in developing countries like Nigeria the file system is still processed manually in most medical centers; this is as a result of low standard of technology. It was clear that computer is everywhere in Nigeria. These computers are for money making and as a result of this, our hospitals lack computerized services, but with the help of data mining we can also computerize our hospitals.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem of data mining has become very crucial in areas of privacy of data. Specifically regarding the source of the data analyzed for certain purpose. My research in Owerri General Hospital here reveals that patients visit the hospital and they waste a lot of time. The patients waits for the nurses or the attendants to get their data and there are volumes of files to search through before the patients files is finally retrieved or the patients might forget his/her card when visit the hospital. It there means that the patient‟s data cannot be found due to the fact that the Nurse does not know the patients number. In this case it is either that the patients is denied treatment by the Doctor or the Nurses will check through the volumes of files in order to retrieved his/her data, this is time consuming problem. There is a problem of misplacing of patients data, the non-availability of relevant forms like x-ray/laboratory forms and chats (pressure chats temperature) and requirement of more workers to carry the folders into the consulting rooms as an evident. Moreover, there are mistakes in entering patient‟s records. Two patients might be given the same number and there could be wrong spelling and loss of important information. There is also lack of space for storing all the files and also due to carelessness on the part of staff. Furthermore, volume of work for the hospital staff is much; this is because the ratio of patients to staff of Owerri General Hospital is so much. So staffs are over worked and they hurry through their duty, hence they carry out such duties lousily which makes the Doctors unfriendly to their patients.
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
Objectives of this research work are to: Create a data warehouse for storage of patient‟s information thereby eliminating manual file storage of patient‟s records. Design a good data mining tool that will help in easy retrieval of patient information thereby reducing time wastage and improve service delivery. The data mining tool will be able to discover hidden pattern in large volume of data which will help in good decision making.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research will cover the creation of good database system for the management of patient‟s records in Owerri general hospital and also provide efficient data mining tool for easy retrieval of data and discovery of hidden patterns in large volume of data.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This research work will be carried out on data mining for medical record system of Owerri General Hospital. The work reported in this research could be viewed as a step towards enhancing databases with functionalities.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Data mining record is limited in that; some manual operation will still be needed to carry out the operation effectively. There was some constraints encountered during collection of data, poor data collection becomes apparent due to interviewing of hospital representatives like the consultants. Nurses, Doctors, Hospital attendants who were reluctant to disclose important information and statistical data which otherwise would have been relevant to this research, due to hospital secret which breeds some indifferent attitudes towards that. It takes a long time and large commitment of resources to get a good result, unavailability of text and materials on this topic, made gathering of facts very difficult, some of the facts were gathered from the internet, which is quite expensive.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Data Mining: Can be defined as “The nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data, and “The science of extracting useful information from large data set or databases”. It involves sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information. Information Retrieval: The act of locating quantities of data stored in a Database and producing useful information from the data. Information Processing: A method of organizing, processing and extracting information to be easily stored, retrieved, searched and updated. Record: It is a unit of data representing a particular transaction or a basic element of a file consisting in turn a number of interrelated data elements. Hospital: A hospital is an institution of medical treatment of the sick and injured people. Model: Is a pattern or mathematical/symbolic representation of real life System and or abstract system behaviors. Artificial Intelligence: It is a branch of computer science that is dedicated to the study of the ways in which computers can be used to emulate or duplicate most human function. Knowledge Base: Is an organized collection of declarative and procedural relationships that represents expertise in a focused area

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views, and other objects. The data are typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information, such as modelling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, MemSQL and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language. Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a “database”. Following the technology progress in the areas of processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer networks, the sizes, capabilities, and performance of databases and their respective DBMSs have grown in orders of magnitude. The development of database technology can be divided into three eras based on data model or structure: navigational, SQL/relational, and post-relational. The two main early navigational data models were the hierarchical model, epitomized by IBM’s IMS system, and the CODASYL model (network model), implemented in a number of products such as IDMS. The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015 they remain dominant: IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS.[10] The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models. Object databases were developed in the 1980s to overcome the inconvenience of object-relational impedance mismatch, which led to the coining of the term “post relational” and also the development of hybrid object-relational databases. The next generation of post-relational databases in the late 2000s became known as NoSQL databases, introducing fast key-value stores and document-oriented databases. A competing “next generation” known as NewSQL databases attempted new implementations that retained the relational/SQL model while aiming to match the high performance of NoSQL compared to commercially available relational DBMSs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem currently facing the organization such as my case study (Abiolian Solution Limited) is that they easy loss or don’t know exact where they record or keep the information of a client / customer. Till date, organization still keeps their information and customer data using the manual method of using biro to write their information on books. This particular manual process of keeps or storing information are face with much problem and issue like the following: Difficulty in Retrieving of information / record
Time wasting and occupy more space
Important documents may be altered by an unauthorized personal

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The main objective of this project is to design and implement a database management system for Abiolian Solution Limited. The specific objectives are:
To develop software that can be use to save customer information
To increase resource availability of Cloud Computing system.
To develop an address book application that will be launch as a cloud application.
To develop application that can reduces stress of looking paper or book in which a particular customer is save.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study includes the following:
It helps in economic cost reduction in running a particular application.
It provides humans with effective resource management.
It will help organizations in focusing on core business in the sense that you only concentrate on what means most to you. Since your applications will be run over the internet, you do not have to worry about technical problems and other inconveniences associated with physical unified storage solution spaces.
It increases performance and support by updating the fact that all your software and applications automatically.
It provides security and compliance.
It provides anytime anywhere access to information.

SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this proposed system is center on design and implementation of database management system for Abiolian Solution Limited address book.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Usually, every work has some limitations and this study is not exempted. The two major limitations of this study are the high programming technique as well as financial constraints. The high programming technique constraint in PHP, JQUERY and MYSQL prevents the researcher to have an in depth study and analysis on the subject matter. While the issue of financial constraint limits the frequency of investigation to/from the institution toward gathering the necessary information relevant for the study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cloud Computing: the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. System: A method or set of procedures and even personnel working together as a whole to achieve a goal. Data: This are numbers, text or images which are in a form suitable for storage in a computer or processed by a computer, or an incomplete information/ unprocessed information. Information: This is a meaningful material derived from computer data by organizing it and interpreting it in a specific way. Input: Data entered into the computer for storage or processing. Output: Information produced from a computer after processing. Information System: A set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. HTML CODE: – HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a type of computer language that is primarily used for files that are posted on the internet and viewed by web browsers. HTML files can also be sent via email. Markup language: – A markup language is a combination of words and symbols which give instructions on how a document should appear. For example, a tag may indicate that words are written in italics or bold type. Web browser: -A Web browser is a software program that interprets the coding language of the World Wide Web in graphic form, displaying the translation rather than the coding. This allows anyone to “browse the Web” by simple point and click navigation, bypassing the need to know commands used in software languages. File extension: – A file extension is the suffix at the end of a filename that tells a computer, and the computer user, which program is needed to open the file. Also called a filename extension, this suffix preceded by at least one period, is generally one to five characters long but the norm is usually three characters in length. Email: – Email, also sometimes written as e-mail, is simply the shortened form of electronic mail, a protocol for receiving, sending, and storing electronic messages. Email has gained popularity with the spread of the Internet. In many cases, email has become the preferred method of communication. TCP/IP: – This often used but little understood set of operations stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is the combination of the two and describes the set of protocols that allows hosts to connect to the Internet. In actuality, TCP/IP is a combination of “more than those two protocols, but the TCP and IP parts of TCP/IP are the main ones and the only ones to become part of the acronymthat describes the operations involved. TEXT FILE: – A text file is a computerfile that stores a typed document as a series of alphanumeric characters, usually without visual formatting information. The content may be a personal note or list, a journal or newspaper article, a book, or any other text that can be rendered accurately in typewritten form. Hyper Link:-A hyperlink is a graphic or a piece of text in an Internet document that can connect readers to another webpage, or another portion of a document. Web users will usually find at least one hyperlink on every webpage. The simplest form of these is called embedded text or an embedded link. WWW: – acronym for World Wide Web.

ABSTRACT
Budgeting with special emphasis on Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu has the trust and reliability and credibility of information and record. To establish and implement a computerized measures and an alternative to the present manual budgeting as regards to budgeting system, one should be abreast of unattestation and unrealistic records that exist. The justification of this on the truth that present maul budgeting system in Nigeria especially that of IMT Enugu, is filled with lots of irregularly and error resulting from human traceable mistake and distortions in its operation. In this work, one would deduced that the investment alternative will provide clear, adequate, accurate and quick solution to the problem countered in budgeting system as regards in relation to reliable attestation function; assurance and dependability of financial statements about the account of the school. To this effect, one will say that computers would be the pivot on which the success of design and implementation of a computerized budgeting system of institute of management and technology (IMT), Enugu.
ORGANIZATION OF WORK
This work is organized to have a successful completion of a computerized budgeting system. This work is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction, statement of problems, purpose of study, aims and objectives, scope, constraints assumption of the project and the definition of terms. The next chapter deals with the literature reviews stating the works of eminent writers who have contributed efforts in so many ways. The third chapter describes and analysis the existing system.  This entails the fact finding methods used, the organizational structure, the objectives of the existing system, information flow diagram, problems of the existing system and the justification of the new system. Chapter  four takes care of the design of the new system and which comprises of the output and input specification design, the file design, procedure and system flow chart and the system requirements for easy design of the system Chapter five emphasizes on implementation which acts as a manual to correct users. The last chapter gives recommendation and conclusion and finally references.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Government, companies, institution and individuals have in the past set up a wonderful budget on daily bases, most of these budgets worked only for a while and crushed. IMT has been spending so much time on the planning of these budgets even to the extent of setting up a budgets monitoring committee to ensure strict adherence to requirement of these budgets. Notwithstanding, the fact still remains that budgets in this country especially institution budget have never produced desired goal. This work therefore tends to find out why institution budget fails to achieve its goal by tactfully studying the budgeting  system of institution of management and technology (IMT) Enugu and formulating a good reliable computer system that will take care of these problems.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
I am not proven that this research work is enough to make me “philosopher stone” I am rather stating here that this work is essential in various ways to a number of people including the businessmen, accountants, tertiary institutions, organization, banks etc. both private and government, owned in the field of budgeting. This will be of immeasurable benefit to tertiary institution, banks and organizations from time to time. Organizations that make budgets would know measures to take so as to prevent problems of manual budgeting and if faced with these problem, they would be in a position to find a solution to it. Government and even institutions can secure their offices, companies and organization, schools against dubious minded managers as well as fraudsters.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project work was to introduce a computerized budgeting system that would help the tertiary institution understudy to calculate their profits and loss account at the end of each financial year. Due to the increasing errors, encountered during manual balancing of account, the researcher deems it necessary to introduce the new system. This  new system would help the organization to avoid wasteful though budget deficit.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Usually, every work has some limitations and this study is not exempted. The two major limitations of this study are the high programming technique as well as financial constraints. The high programming technique constraint in PHP, JQUERY and MYSQL prevents the researcher to have an in depth study and analysis on the subject matter. While the issue of financial constraint limits the frequency of investigation to/from the institution toward gathering the necessary information relevant for the study.
SCOPE
In this research work, the researcher placed the boundary on the area of study. The researcher studied the computerized budgeting system of “institute of management and technology” Enugu (IMT) for one financial year
ASSUMPTIONS
Necessary assumptions were made in order of facilitate easy carrying out of the research work. These assumption includes:
1. That all the information given to me by the institution (IMT) officials are all correct.
2. The Income and expenditure are net.
3. There are enough resources to implement the budget.

Background of the study
Massive integration of information technology into all aspects of modern life caused demand for processing vehicles as conceptual resources in information systems. Because a standalone information system without any data has no sense, there was also a need to transform information about vehicles between the reality and information systems. This can be achieved by a human agent, or by special intelligent equipment which is able to recognize vehicles by their number plates in a real environment and reflect it into conceptual resources. Because of this, various recognition techniques have been developed and car plate recognition systems are today used in various traffic and security applications, such as parking, access and border control, or tracking of stolen cars. A vehicle registration plate is a metal of plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing region’s database. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, while in others it is unique within a state or province. Whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. Depending on the country, the vehicle registration plate may be called a license plate, tag, car plate or number plate. Most governments require a registration plate to be attached to both the front and rear of a vehicle, although certain jurisdictions or vehicle types, such as motorboats  require only one plate, which is usually attached to the rear of the vehicle. National databases relate this number to other information describing the vehicle; such as the make, model, color, year of manufacture, engine size, type of fuel used, Vehicle Identification (Chassis) Number and the name and address of the vehicle’s registered owner or keeper. The term access control refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a property, a building, or a room to authorized persons. Physical access control can be achieved by a human (a guard, bouncer, or receptionist) through mechanical means such as locks and keys, or through technological means such as access control systems. Automatic car plate recognition (ACPR) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read vehicle registration plates. They can use existing closed-circuit television or road-rule enforcement cameras or ones specifically designed for the task. They are used by various police forces and as a method of electronic toll collection on pay-per-use roads and cataloging the movements of traffic or individuals. ACPR can be used to store the images captured by the cameras as well as the text from the license plate, with some configurable to store a photograph of the driver. Systems commonly use infrared lighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of the day. ACPR technology tends to be region-specific, owing to plate variation from place to place. The software aspect of the system runs on standard home computer hardware and can be linked to other applications or databases. It first uses a series of image manipulation techniques to detect, normalize and enhance the image of the car plate, and then optical character recognition (OCR) to extract the alphanumeric of the license plate. ACPR systems are generally deployed in one of two basic approaches: one allows for the entire process to be performed at the lane location in real-time, and the other transmits all the images from many lanes to a remote computer location and performs the OCR process there at some later point in time. When done at the lane site, the information captured of the plate alphanumeric, date-time, lane identification, and any other information required is completed in approximately 250 milliseconds. This information can easily be transmitted to a remote computer for further processing if necessary, or stored at the lane for later retrieval. In the other arrangement, there are typically large numbers of PCs used in a server farm to handle high workloads. Often in such systems, there is a requirement to forward images to the remote server, and this can require larger bandwidth transmission media. During the 1990s, significant advances in technology took automatic car plate recognition systems from limited expensive, hard to set up, fixed based applications to simple “point and shoot” mobile ones. This was made possible by the creation of software that ran on cheaper PC based, non-specialist hardware that didn’t require the pre-defined angles, direction, size and speed in which the plates would be passing the cameras field of view.
Statement of Problem
Over the years, vehicles have been used to perpetrate crimes such as robbery and kidnapping. Auto theft has also been a major issue to the nation. Law enforcement agencies are increasingly adopting automated car plate recognition (ACPR).ACPR systems function to automatically capture an image of the vehicle’s license plate,transform that image into alphanumeric characters using optical character recognition or similar software, compare the plate number acquired to one or more databases of vehicles of interest tolaw enforcement and other agencies, and to alert the officer when a vehicle of interest has been observed. The automated capture, analysis, and comparison of vehicle license plates typically occur within seconds, alerting the officer almost immediately when a wanted plate is observed. Although the ACPR term includes a specific reference to “automated,” it should be noted that human intervention is needed insofar as the officer monitoring the equipment must independently validate that the ACPR system has accurately “read” the license plate, that the plate observed is issued from the same state as the one in which it is wanted, and to verify the currency of the alert, i.e., verifying that the reason this vehicle or the owner was wanted or of interest is still valid.Technologies to enhance their enforcement and investigative capabilities, expand their collection of relevant data, and expedite the tedious and time consuming process of manually comparing vehicle license plates with lists of stolen, wanted, and other vehicles of interest has to be developed. Police officers, sheriff deputies, and other law enforcement practitioners are often on the lookout for vehicles that have been reported stolen, are wanted in connection with a crime or traffic violation, are suspected of being involved in criminal or terrorist activities, are parking violation scofflaws, have failed to maintain current registration orto comply with statutory insurance requirements, or any of a number of other legitimate reasons.
Aim and Objectives of the study
The aim of this research work is to develop an application that will provide access control through automated car plate recognition.
The objectives of this study are as follows;
To assist law enforcement agencies in tracking stolen vehicles
To design a database that will serve as a repository for car plate numbers already registered.
To design a responsive system for crime detection
To ensure quick collection of data about vehicles within the scope of study.
Significance of the study
The proposed system will be of great advantage to Rivers state law enforcement agency, Rivers State Internal Revenue Service and other relevant authorities in the following ways; ACPR can assist the police to identify persons of interest associated with criminal activity. According to a recent article, auto theft is associated with a wide range of criminal activities, including the offences of break and enter, armed robbery, and drug-related offences. In other words, offenders steal cars for use in the commission of additional offences. For example, drug offenders may steal from within cars, but may also steal the car to raise money to purchase drugs. Improved Performance and Efficiency: There is no comparison between the number of plates an officer on patrol entering license plate information manually into an onboard computer and the number that automated ACPR technology can handle. With the potential ability to read up to 3,000 plates an hour, this technology can improve productivity. Not only does the system read plates rapidly, but hits are collected only on vehicles displaying license plates that match the desired criteria and appear in the database. Increased Crime Detection: The substantially larger number of vehicles pulled over as a result of ACPR technology in patrol cars means that officers will come face to face with more criminals, generating more arrests. Officers attached to ACPR teams make 10 times more arrests than non-ACPR members. Arrests that are the result of ACPR stops are primarily for vehicle crimes, robbery, theft, burglary, and drug offenses. It is well known that car thieves steal cars not just to go for a drive but to help them commit other crimes such as breaking and entering, robbery, home invasion, and drug trafficking. In this way, ACPR technology can be valuable in preventing or solving many types of crime plaguing society.
Scope of the study
Every project is carried out to achieve a set of goals with some conditions keeping in mind that it should be easy to use, feasible and user friendly. As the goal of this project is to develop an application that will provide access control through automated car plate recognition, this system will be designed keeping in mind the conditions (easy to use, feasibility and user friendly) stated above. The proposed project’s intended users are; Rivers State Law enforcement agencies, Rivers State Internal Revenue Service and other relevant agencies.
Definition of terms
Optical character recognition (OCR): This is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used as a form of data entry from printed paper data records. It is a common method of digitizing printed texts so that it can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line, and used in machine processes such as machine traslation, text-to-speech, key data and text mining. OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and computer vision. Automatic Car Plate Recognition (ACPR): This is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read vehicle registration plates. They can use existing closed-circuit television or road-rule enforcement cameras or ones specifically designed for the task. Surveillance: Thisis the monitoring of the behaviour activities, or other changing information, usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting them. This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment (such as CCTV cameras) or interception of electronically transmitted information using no, low or high technology methods. Car Plate:A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicles for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniqquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing region’s database. Automation:This is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Most processes today have been completely automated.The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor; however, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision. Access Control: In the fields of physical security and information security, access control is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a resource is called authorization. Locks and login credentials are two analogous mechanisms of access control. Auto theft: Motor vehicle theft is the criminal act of stealing or attempting to steal a car (or any other motor vehicle).

ABSTRACT
Agricultural marketing incorporates all exercises which enhance value to agricultural products as they move from rural areas of agricultural production to ultimate urban areas for consumption. A successful and productive marketing system is required in order to ensure fair returns to farmers but unfortunately, little consideration is paid to this sector across Nigeria. In this research, an effort has been made to design and implement a Farm product and marketing system for farmers to showcase their agricultural products after a successful harvest season. Most times this farmers’ mistake marketing efficiency with marketing margins and physical losses and state of market competition. These indicators are also discussed in this chapter. Further, the research also covers major areas to identify major agricultural marketing problems with their possible solutions using modern web technology.
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture sector in Nigeria is considered a major contributor to economic growth and development. This sector not only meets food demands of population but also provides raw material for industry besides providing surplus for exports. Despite the face this sector has witnessed many high points and low points in recent years, overall growth has remained satisfactory. This sector has a proven great potential to support the nation’s economy both now and in the future if due consideration is given to solve rising issues. Reasonable agriculture growth and improvement rely on how concerns various partners particularly farmers who are facing several risks in farm production and marketing of their farm produce, are adequately addressed. Regularly, farmers need to bear value reduction in their produce due to poor infrastructure and post-harvest practices. Moreover, frequent food surpluses and deficiencies have featured the need to modernize marketing system framework so that goal situations can be handled. Marketing can be defined and comprehended in various ways but commonly it is recognized as a place or areas where buyers and sellers gather and interact for buying and selling goods and services. Many other scholars has described marketing as an exchange process of goods and services accompanied by price making mechanism. Agricultural markets play a central role of assembling rural agricultural produce from scattered and vast production areas and distribute these commodities further to consumers and other stakeholders in urban and peri-urban areas. Agricultural marketing most times encompasses activities which may be picking/harvesting, drying, cleaning, sorting, grading, processing, packaging, labeling, transporting, storage, promotion and sale of agricultural products. All these major activities contribute in adding value to agricultural products as these products flow from farm producers to consumers. While some of these major activities are performed on farmers’ farm, the others are carried out off-farm by other market intermediaries such as traders and agro-processors.
Statement of Problem
Agricultural farm products differ from industrial products due to their perishable nature and special requirements during various harvesting process and transportation operations. There is a need to design a farm product marking system to aid in displaying farm produce from farmers across the country to meet major stakeholders in need of this farm products. This will assist in growing the economy of the country when international investors invest in the farm produce seen on the marketing system. Furthermore, agricultural marketing includes all business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want satisfying goods and services to household consumers and industrial users.
Aim and Objectives of the study
The following are the objectives of the study:
To design and implement a Farm Product Marketing system to aid farmers in rural areas have a proper platform to promote their farm product.
Enhance link between Farmers and end product users in urban areas.
Ease the distribution of farm products across the country through technology.
Significance of the study
Agriculture is a well-organized and vibrate sector in Africa, it contributes significantly to the growth of any economy. It also provides employment to over 1.5 million people. Recently, this sector has shown 8 to 10 percent growth rate per annum due to rising demand of various agricultural products. It is observed that an agricultural commodity changes seven to eight different hands before reaching ultimate consumers. Functions performed by various market bodies (especially the middlemen in the market chain) remain one of the most controversial issues in Africa’s agricultural economy. It is argued that middlemen exploit marginal farmers and hamper their legitimate share which can be solved with the use of technology to link farmers directly to buyers.
Definition of terms
Farmers - a person who owns or manages a farm.
Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
Link - a relationship between two things or situations, especially where one affects the other.
Investor- a person or organization that puts money into financial schemes, property, etc. with the expectation of achieving a profit.
Exchange - an act of giving one thing and receiving another (especially of the same kind) in return
Market- a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities.
Agriculture - a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities.

Background of the study
An online examination system for recruitment of staff is a web application that establishes a network between the organization and applicants. The organization enters on the site the questions they want in the exam. These questions are displayed as a test to the eligible students. The answers inputted by the applicants are then evaluated and their score is calculated and saved. This score then can be accessed by the inst to determine the passes students or to evaluate their performance. Online Exams System provides the platform but does not directly participate in, nor is it involved in any tests conducted. Questions are posted not by the site, but users of the site.  According to Yu, Hsiao and Cho (2014), online examinations are convenient, and fast. Online examination has three main purposes: To allow test-takers at different places to take the test at the same time through the online examination website. Through careful planning and proper coding, enable tests, grading and to check results on the website. To integrate database with the program, allowing teachers easy addition of questions and creation of tests. The formulation of questions for a test is often treated with doubts and suspicions. In a typical online examination system, the questions are strict and set with care. Although the exam questions is in the multiple choice format (objectives), the questions are chosen at random. All students have the same questions but the order of questions is different. Since the order of the question differs on each computer, the motive in students to cheat is reduced. Cheating at examinations is unacceptable. It is common knowledge that people are likely to cheat in a network environment but this is wrong as cheating at examinations is unacceptable as it affects the fairness of an examination. This situation implies that to overcome the tendency to cheat is the major challenge in online examinations. Despite the pitfalls, online examination is very important and useful as it breaks the barrier of distance and different geographical location. Applicants from all over the world can access the system thereby giving the examiners a good chance to identify highly intelligent prospective staff. Every organization is made up of employees, and before employees are recruited, information pertaining to them is obtained, processed and analyzed after they have applied to determine their qualification for employment into a given position. For every position, there are certain skills and qualifications needed. The performance of the individual is a function of employee ability, motivation and opportunity (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). Short-listing of employees also known as Recruitment and selection, forms a core part of the central activities underlying human resource management: namely, the acquisition, development and reward of workers. It forms an important part of the work of human resource managers – or designated specialists within work organizations. It has an important role to play in ensuring worker performance and positive organizational outcomes. It is often claimed that selection of workers occurs not just to replace departing employees or add to a workforce but rather to put in place workers who can perform at a high level and demonstrate commitment.   Recruitment is important for organizations since it performs the essential function of drawing an important resource, human capital, into the organization (Boxall & Purcell, 2003; Parry & Tyson, 2008;). It has a strategic aim as it focuses on the need to attract high-quality people in order to gain a competitive advantage (Parry & Tyson, 2008; Malinowski et al, 2005). Recruiting people with the right abilities reinforces the organizational goals (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). Conducting examination before employees are recruited is very important as their level of success in the exams will reflect their level of competence or ability. Online examination widens the spectrum for organizations to reach out to more applicants and to get the best. It is on this premise that this research study is set to examine the design and implementation of an online examination system for recruitment of staff.
Statement of Problem
Many organizations do not have competitive personnel and this negatively affects the productivity and image of the organization. In addition, there is no effective structure to recruit staff that is able to stand up to the responsibility of their duties. Many organizations still adopt the manual method of recruiting and the applicants are limited to those in their immediate environment. Also, many applicants find it difficult to get to the examination centers due to distance and high cost of transportation. Organizations are unable to reach out to a wide spectrum of applicants so as to be able to recruit the best employees. The traditional examination for recruitment is usually characterized by cheating which hampers the credibility of recruited employees. There is need for a more effective system that is able to reach out to a wider spectrum of employees, breaking the barrier of distance and cost and thereby promoting the recruitment of well qualified staff.
Objectives of the study
The following are the objectives of the study;
To design and implement an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
 To identify the structure/characteristics of an online examination system for staff recruitment.
To identify the benefits of an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
To find out the challenges/disadvantages of the adoption of online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
Significance of the study
The significance of the study is that it will bring to light the relevance of adopting online examination system for employee short-listing or e-recruitment system and the need for its adoption  by organizations. It will help organizations solve the present challenges they are facing in attracting eligible and professional employees by providing a software system that processes the application of different applicants. It will also save them time and cost of recruiting. In addition, other scholars seeking for valuable information on the subject will find this research material relevant.
Scope of the study
This study covers the design and implementation of an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
Organization of Research
This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms.  Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter is discussed.  Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It presents the research methodology used in the development of the system, it analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter.  Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation, the choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation.  Chapter five focuses on the summary, constraints of the study, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out.
Definition of Terms
Online: Refers to a system connected to the internet that can be accessed remotely from any part of the world.
Examination: A test designed to assess somebody's ability or knowledge in a particular subject or field
Employment – the condition of working for pay
Application - a formal and usually written request for something such as a job, a grant of money, or admission to a school or college
Short-list - to put somebody or something on a final list of candidates for a position or award
Recruitment - to enroll somebody as a worker or member, or to take on people as workers or members
Human resources - the field of business concerned with recruiting and managing employees
Management - the organizing and controlling of the affairs of a business or a sector of a business

1.0 ABSTRACT
Forgery has long crept into our educational system and, counterfeit and forged admission status / certificate and document have upper hand in various certificate and degrees awarding institution. Invalid studentship has become greater than valid studentship. The need for student admission verification system has become necessary to check mate and expunge invalid studentship, invalid document and invalid certificate yielding to authenticity of certificate and documents. This research work Designed and Implemented Student Verification System for University of Uyo. The proposed model is concerned with monitoring the studentship of students, keeping students basic academic record, tracking students if there is malpractice of any kind and, verifying every certificate of University of Uyo in the future and making sure fake admission is reduced drastically. The system was designed and implemented with PHP, MYSQL, HTML, AJAX, and JAVASCRIPT Technologies.
INTRODUCTION
A system, with numerous definitions can be literally seen in a computer way as a collection of the hardware and software components of a computer. According to Stella C. Chiemeke and Franca A. Egbokdara (2006), a system is set of components that interact to achieve a common goal. In another sense, a system is a group of interrelated or intersecting elements forming a unified whole. A verification system as in this project is an application program used to verify that someone or something rightly and legally belongs to a collection, an organization or an individual. There are different verification system, notably address verification system, adult verification system and card verification system to mention but a few. Student verification system is used to know whether or not a student is or was a legal and rightly registered student. In this context, it is used to verify that a student belongs/belonged to an institution and to confirm that he/she is properly registered in a particular department running any of the institutions programme. This student verification system, also known as Uniuyo Admission Student Admission system is an internet based system. It is an electronic and computerized means of verifying someone’s claim of studentship to an institution by means of their matriculation number (Mat No) being input, hence using an output clearly showing the truth or false of his/her claim. 
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The epidemic of fake admission is ravaging the Nigerian tertiary institution as victims to such fraud are often left frustrated. Students are sometimes offered fake admission with fake documentations from fraudulent persons posing as University Officials. This practice has led to many students losing their time and money studying in a University where they are not authentic students. Another Issue is that the admission verification process in most tertiary institutions in Nigeria is very strenuous. During the analysis and data collection of this project, it was discovered that there existed a manual form of verifying students’ admission status, and for future purpose by the Students Affairs Department of the University of Uyo. That is to say that the process of daily task and activities are done manually which is quite unfortunate; manual procedural for over one million admitted students yearly, the execution is always delaying and reduces result output quality.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The importance of authentic verification of student admission system certificate cannot be overemphasized as the reputations of institution are affected in every counterfeit or forged document. To design and implement student verification system for University of Uyo, The system will
Prove the authenticity of students’ admission status thereby expunging forged and counterfeit admission status and document from circulation.
Show the valid and legally registered student of University of Uyo.
Prove its supremacy over the existing manual system of verification and identification.
To highlight the importance of verifying and authenticating students for future purpose.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope and focus of this study is on students’ admission verification system, to help validate students’ admission status via the keep of their basic academic information and bio data updated. Importantly, the student must choose to be students of University of Uyo.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
University - a high-level educational institution in which students study for degrees and academic research is done.
Verification - the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something.
Identification - the action or process of identifying someone or something or the fact of being identified.
Manual - relating to or done with the hands.  
Window-based - Hardware and software that runs a version of Microsoft Windows.
Invention - something, typically a process of development that has been invented.

ABSTRACT
This project was centered on social network website. It was observed that connecting socially helps improvement of department activities. The existing problems of the school forum site were identified after series of interviews and examination of documents after which analysis was made and a computerized procedure recommended. This project will also suggest how to successfully implement the computerized procedure and to overcome the obstacle that would hinder the successful implementation of the system. The new system was designed using php and mysql. This language was chosen because of its easy syntax and features for developing online based applications
INTRODUCTION
Social life in most of our University is diminishing because of some factor. These limitations of social life have affected some of the students not to know how to relate in the outside world. In Caritas University socialism is a problem. In building a social network website for the University will make the University to solve the problem of the anti socialism. A social network is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes," which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike,  or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
About Computer Science Technology Department The college will aims at excelling in every aspect of Agriculture and capacity building of middle level manpower (ND and HND) in practical and theoretical Agriculture and other science course. It has the under listed objectives for efficient performance and achievement of the target. To develop and run training programmed that can produce self-reliant agriculture technologies and technicians for the agricultural industry. To meet NBTE accreditation standards, expand and diversify programmed that are cost effectives. Computer Science Technology Department was founded in 2010, by former provost Dr. Paul Ajah, and was headed by Mr. Charles O. Okonkwo (HOD) till date. The department has more students now compare to past years.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of the study are Computer science  Social Network while the subsidiary objectives are:
i.                   To Effectively and efficiently communication of  student online
ii.                 To Reduce pressure on seminars by introducing online seminar
iii.              To Enhance the department document management
iv.              To Reduce queue in seeing of lecturers and head of departments
v.                 To Reduce anti Socialism
vi.              To Creation of educative groups online to enhance learning
vii.            To Forming reading partners online
viii.         To Making new friends online
ix.              To Boasting the image of the school
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Viewing critically the inefficiencies in the social life of student relationship presently in Caritas University, Amorji Nike Enugu, the need to develop and implement online social network website that will handle such inefficiencies cannot be over emphasized.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is centered on designing and automated and web-based application for student online communication and reduction of anti socialism. The system is strictly based on students, management and lecturers communication and online seminars and suggestion and specially for making of friends.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Constraints of time and resources are the factors, which prevented the implementation of this system hosted online
DEFINITION OFTERMS/VARIABLES
Computerized: Convert to computer – based system to install or start using a computer system to organize, control, or automate something.
Processing: To deal with somebody or something according to an established procedure
Communication: Interaction between two or more person or sending of message from one place to another
Online: Connected via computer attached to or available via a central computer or computer network.
System: Set of computer components i.e. in assembly of computer Hardware, Software and peripherals functioning together.
Automation: The replacement of human workers by technology; A system in which a workplace or process has been converted to one that replaced or ministries human labour with electronic or mechanical equipment.
Web: A complex structure, or design www: computer-based network of information resources that combines text and multimedia. The information on the www can be accessing and search through the internet, a global computer network.
Database: Any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users.
Database Update: This simply means applying and maintaining changes on a database after data must have been added, removed or modified System Administrator: This is a person responsible for maintaining and operating a computer system.
 PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (the name is a recursive acronym) is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally
designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages.:  Hypertext Preprocessor is the code used to link the database to the interface of the website, it is a server code.
Apache: It is the server used for designing php, python pages.
SQL: Structured query language, it is a code used to query or insert records in a database.
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases.
PhpMyAdmin: is an open source tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of MySQL over the World Wide Web.
CSS: Cascading Style Sheet is a programming language used in the graphics and fine tuning of the website
SwishMax: It is animation software used in doing all the animations in the website.
Macromedia Dreamweaver: It is the software used in organizing the website.
Macromedia Fireworks: It is the software used to create or the graphics and images in the website.

ABSTRACT
The process of keeping the cost of all the raw materials used in producing any product in ANAMMCO is not an easy task. The concept of COMPUTERIZED BILL OF MATERIAL PROCESSING has been in existence in many organizations though in a traditional of (manual) approach. But the introduction of computer and more structured software will greatly improve reliability, validity accuracy and processing of data. This project work extensively discussed the existing system takes care of the materials and cost of the materials used in constructing a particular costing reports which could described detailing materials, labour and over head cost, gross-profit or loss, actual cost and quantities and time. Prior to the computerized database, the processes are put into computer control that is more efficient than the former. The new system will take care of the following vital financial and operating control of materials. -        Elimination of stocking items that are not needed.
-        Elimination of production delay
-        Proper cost accounting for materials etc.

INTRODUCTION
Ever the creation of man, there have been a continual quest by man to improve on his welfare, though the conception of computer has built confidence in man towards eradication of loop holes encouraged by his traditional approach to different life problems. But the basic need, still suggests that more should be done especially in production companies for more stress free life.  The concept of material requirement planning (MRP), which embraces the computerized bill of material processing system (COMBOMP) have been in existence in many organization though in a traditional approach and in anticipation. I believe that the introduction of computer into the scene may greatly improve reliability, validity, accuracy and timely processing of data. The initial stage in every engineering process is to conceive an idea and then transcribe this imagenation/mental pictures on paper, and the material involved in the production are studied and the computerized bill of quantity are determined in a manual form, but in the new system the computer are used to translate the master production schedule into a detailed plan for all materials required to produce scheduled products. The material subsystem  for each product computerized bill of material) is multiplied by the number of units scheduled to be produced. The amount of material on hand, the materials needed to be purchased and a schedule of purchase are then calculated. This helps to minimize investment in material inventories while still adhering to the master production schedule. The industrial age in moving into  a dramatic form of computer development every organization is trying to be computerized because of the reliability and validity of information derived from the database. Though most organizations are lagging behind and it pams us to observe that COMPUTERIZED BILL OF MATERIALS has not been computerized in most of our manufacturing companies. In spite of this, we believe that this research work, which is properly probed and compiled, will serve as a stepping-stone on how to rectify the anomaly of manual processing. The developed system has the capacity of receiving, editing and deleting information about COMPUTERIZED BILL OF MATERIAL PROCESSING and it’s application is vital to ANAMMCO and any other production industries.
Statement of problem
This work is targeted to consider of the problems that render the already existing system inefficient in running their daily activities as regards to production of a  1414 Mercedes product. The number of quantity and amount of material and sub-assembly needed to produce a product cannot be traceable because of the glaring disadvantages stated below. 1.       Inefficient system of processing and storing information about COMPUTERIZED BILL OF MATERIAL.
2.       For the fact that records are stored on paper makes it easily accessible for vandalization by unauthorized persons.
3.       Using filling cabinet filing cabinet is used to organize different types of files which might not be benevolent in organizing files.
Thus, it may lead to record or file loss. Record can easily slip off. If the filing cabinet is not placed in a decent environment, it leads to termites eating off papers and other documentaries. 4.       It takes a long time in accessing record in manual system that is in filing cabinet than automated system.
5.       Inaccuracy of data due to negligence and also repetitive nature of work. Negligence does occur as a result of over looking of some relevant information.
6.       Because of inaccuracy of data, management decisions are always obscured and also forecasting could not be well determined.
To be more precise these problems were jacked off by the introduction of computer. Computer made ON-LINE-BILL OF MATERIALS mode of operations such as permanent storage retrieval and processing of information to be easily for establishment.
Purpose of study
This project is geared towards eradication of all the deformities and loopholes of the manual of COMPUTERIZED BILLS OF MATERIAL PROCESSING. Thus, developing a new system to handle all the Jobs/works, involved in (COMBOMP) electronically, supplying all the deficiencies of the existing system. Consequently upon the elimination of the deficiencies and rectifying the anomalies encountered in the existing system, overshadowing its operational in capacitations by developing a computer-based solution of storing information for billing. Investigation has presented some of the problems and deficiencies of the method such as difficulty in editing already filed document using correction fluid which makes it appear unity and rough, time wasting in searching for file or retrieving of information habitual ways of stealing and hoarding materials in shop/ware house because of lack of documentation of materials used in production and knowing the cost of each material involved in production considering the above problem and difficulties, the researcher considered it better to introduce computerized form which may be better than the manual if well designed and implemented. This is to enable the level of job enrichment and to produce increased administrative efficiency. Application of computer in the COMPUTERIZED BILLS OF MATERIALS PROCESSING will make for quick, and easy collection, processing, storage and retrieval of information as regards to the (Combomp) in ANAMMCO.
Aims and objectives
in an organization whether manufacturing or merchandising, where the competitors and the objectives of the organization are at the top list of their endeavor especially meeting the labour market, there is always a focus on the organizational goal which might not be the goal of the sbu-system to avoid sub-optimality working toward individual benefits. The aims of this project include: 1.       To work toward the elimination of ineffective modes of operation. It centered on the user to having a conducive atmosphere for work thereby minimizing stress.
2.      As a means of safeguarding information, which will serve as reference for making management decision, forecasting and also budget management decision expenditure against production processing, which includes: ON-LINE-BILLS-OF-MATERIAL as its emphasis.
3.       The target/objective from the creator of the proposal is geared towards combating all the aims and problems being discovered on the existing system.
4.       Among the objectives include finding out the requirements needed to build the new system which serve as the messiah for the old system.
5.       The type of database to be produced to suit the user of the software, would be based on the sequential or random or index mode of operation?
SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this project work covers all the areas of (Combomp) systems which include the cost of individual material responsible for production, the stock control or inventory area in which materials are being stored and s well contains reports each of these have different fields that make up the record, which could be expanded a little to form what is called file. These files give room for editing/updating and retrieving of information as its need. Some of the field are items description, quantity total requirement, re-ordering point, labour cost, overhead cost, profit, power cost etc. this project is focused on the entire information recorded on COMPUTERIZED BILLS OF MATERIALS PROCESSING FOR ANAMMCO NIGERIA LTD EMENE, ENUGU.

ABSTRACT
The Nigerian power sector is confronted with inadequate, poor, un-organized electricity billing and consumer relations management. Electricity Tariff charges and collection has been a major challenge in some community in Nigeria even with the adoption of prepaid billing meters. The procedure of installment and payment is cumbersome and distressing as electricity consumers need to proceed to banks to make payments and then take tellers to power control utility offices to affirm their power payment before they can energize their cards. The significant motivation of this research is to design and implement a convenient, cashless, automated and transparent electricity metering, billing and payment system. This research combines the power of the internet to make power meters communicate with SMS and E-mails network.  This proposed system when fully implemented, will allow electricity consumers to remotely recharge and pay their electricity bills from their mobile phones and laptops seamlessly. The implementation of the Online Electricity Payment and Metering System for Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company will help improve accountability, organize and ease payment for electricity in Nigeria. The proposed system was developed using the HTML & CSS, and the PHP and mySQL programming language.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Energy is very significant in every human activities in life for everyday living. The energy meter is a fundamental component of electricity supply. An energy meter is an instrument used to measure electrical supply consumption of electrical appliances in private homes or business areas. Energy meters are rated in kilowatt-hour (kWh). The kilowatt-hour is the amount of electricity energy consumed by a heap of one kilowatt over a time of 60 minutes. Energy meter fundamentally comprises of voltage coils and current loops. The voltage loop measures the instantaneous voltage (volts) while the present coils measure the instantaneous current (amperes). The result of the instantaneous voltage, system. This electrical system enables both electricity consumers and the utility company to remotely screen their electricity utilization and consumption. It additionally permits the client to remotely pay or “recharge” his/her meter. The system is efficient and effective against corruption since the energy consumptions can be estimated remotely by the electricity company and be cross-checked with revenue earned over the period of time. This research combines the power electronic meter with a communication network which in this case is a SMS network and email network. The Remote electricity billing is a unique concept, in which the Online Electricity Payment and Metering System will help improve accountability, organize and ease payment for electricity in Nigeria, this will help the electricity management board collect the consumed units’ data from energy consumers to help improve how electricity is shared. Since each consumer is provided with a unique energy meter, which is having a GSM modem, microcontroller unit and a display unit. Energy subscriber can easily pay on the online electricity system without having to queue in banks, and this system will allow consumers to pay for what they can consume or afford. The expansion in power consumption and the cost ramifications in per kWh have brought about the use of efficient energy appliances and monitoring. Consequently, metering is defined as a method for estimating and monitoring energy consumption and utilization. The Nigerian power segment is confronted with inadequate, unorganized billing and consumer relations organization. Energy Tariff billing and collection has been a major problem in Nigeria even with the introduction of prepaid meters. The procedure of payment is cumbersome and stressful as electricity buyers have to go and pay in banks and then take bank tellers to power control utility office to confirm their capacity payment before they can recharge their meter cards. The major purpose of this work is to design and implement a convenient, cashless, computerized and transparent electricity metering, billing and payment of electricity without having to visit the banks with SMS and email integration to notify users when payments are made and their meter card energized. A unique feature of this system is that, once a consumer is disconnected or his/her allocated energy is exhausted, they can pay remotely from anywhere in the world through their mobile phones or Laptops, on confirmation of the payment, they are automatically reconnected, as this project works on internet network, the system can be accessed from any part of the country.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this research to Design and Implement an Online Electricity Payment and Metering System that will allow electricity users across Nigeria recharge their electricity meters seamlessly across Nigeria with the following objectives: Automatically crediting consumers and allocating power consumption immediately after payment.
Sending energy consumption information to the power utility office.
Protection of payment & billing transactions.
Increasing accountability in the Energy sector in Nigeria.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Nigeria has different Electricity distribution companies, for the research, attention is focused on implementing an Online Electricity Payment and Metering System for Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This project is developed to cover the payment challenges electricity consumers face in areas handled by Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company, but it can be used and implemented by other distribution company across Nigeria, this can be achieved by merely adjusting the input design of the program and user interface.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
-Electricity- Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge.
-Electricity meter - An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.
-Payment- the action or process of paying someone or something or of being paid.
-Energy - power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.
-SMS - (short message service) is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet, and mobile device systems.
-Email- messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.
-Electricity bills - a bill for money owed for electricity used. invoice, bill, account

ABSTRACT
Attendance is very important in every student. a single absent make a big difference in performance in the school. Most students of high school are prone to absence from classes claiming that the class is boring. Others due to laziness fail to attend classes, having preference of going to computer shops or playing games while some students cannot refuse the prospect of a friend asking them out during class period. Some of these actions are not reported to parents or guardians because the possible way of informing them is the traditional way which is by inviting the parents over through the students. With this, the authority would communicate the parents on the attendance level of the student. This process takes a long time and sometimes parents are not able to come because of their engagements, occupation or location. These are the reasons why parents/guardians are not informed about the absenteeism of the students. Online Barcode Attendance System is a software developed for daily student attendance in schools, colleges and institutes. It facilitates to access the attendance information of a particular student in a particular class. The information is sorted by the operators, which will be provided by the lecturer for a particular class. This system will help in evaluating attendance eligibility criteria of a student, and also help in parent involvement to the attendance performance of the student. The Online Barcode Attendance System is developed using HTML, CSC, BOOTSTRAP, JAVA SCRIPT, PHP. It fully meets the objectives of the system which it has been developed.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In most educational institutions the attendance is taken manually. It is not only time consuming, but it is also insecure and unreliable and it can be lost. Some institutions are using punch card for attendance while this will be difficult for teachers to keep track of the large number of students because by using punch card, a student can help the other students or his/her friend to punch their card even the other student may be absent or come late in class, so it is not reliable. To overcome these problems, I have developed a better system which is Web based; it is fully responsive where a user can use in mobile, tablets and different computer systems. In this system, records are kept safe and secure and the attendance information of particular or all students of particular class can be accessed easily and without time consuming, the report is generated automatically. Attendance is very important in every student. a single absent make a big difference in performance in the school. Most students of high school are prone to absence from classes claiming that the class is boring. Others due to laziness fail to attend classes, having preference of going to computer shops or playing games while some students cannot refuse the prospect of a friend asking them out during class period. Some of these actions are not reported to parents or guardians because the possible way of informing them is the traditional way which is by inviting the parents over through the students. With this, the authority would communicate the parents on the attendance level of the student. This process takes a long time and sometimes parents are not able to come because of their engagements, occupation or location. These are the reasons why parents/guardians are not informed about the absenteeism of the students. In this manner, I proposed an Online Barcode Attendance System with Short Message Service (SMS). Its function is to send a notification to parents that their student is absent. Attendance Monitoring System with SMS provide a fast way of informing the parent anytime anywhere.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Attendance is taken with student id card embedded with barcode containing full details about the student.
The daily attendance of students is taken automatically by scanning the student ID card with a barcode scanner.
The attendance report will be generated automatically without time consuming which is reliable and there will be not any mistakes.
It is fully responsive and flexible; it can be accessed from any computer no matter where you are.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The study aims to:
Eliminate duplicate data entry and errors in time and attendance entries.
Eliminate paperwork and save time.
Automatic calculation of attendance
To Increase security.
To involve parents in student attendance performance.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM
Economic Significance
The system being developed is economic with respect to School or Collage’s point of view. It is cost effective in the sense that has eliminated the paper work completely. The system is also time effective because the calculations are automated which are made at the end of the month or as per the user requirement. The result obtained contains minimum errors and are highly accurate as the data is required. Behavioral Significance
The system working is quite easy to use and learn due to its simple but attractive interface. User requires no special training for operating the system.
Parent Involvement
The system engages parents in the attendance performance of the student by notifying them through Short Message Service(SMS) on attendance report every weekend.

INTRODUCTION
This chapter focuses on the introduction of the study, it presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, aim and objectives of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to Georgiou, Williamson, Westbrook (2006) a medical test result information system is a means for E-health care that facilitates management of the workflow of medical tests. The ultimate objective is to store patients’ results and provide healthcare professionals with a quick and accurate access to them. Only eligible people with access permittance are consent to access the system, thereby maintaining confidentiality of patients’  files. Specific objectives include:
1-  Establishment  of  a  paperless  environment  while  maintaining  a  digital  Recording
2- Optimize utilization of medical resources at the medical center
3-  Increase efficiency of medical care outcome
4- Monitoring and control the medical laboratory workflow process
The strengthening of medical information processing capacity in resource-limited settings is very important. It is believed that the best way to do this is by building sustainable laboratory capabilities that will provide access to high quality, rapid, and affordable diagnostic tests for the care, treatment, prevention and surveillance of three major ailments which are: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria. Evaluations of medical reporting systems to date have measured their impact on those health establishments that have point-of-care access to the system via internet, local area networks, or other forms. In these settings, they have been shown to decrease result delivery times (RDTs) of laboratory results, reduce redundancy in resource utilization and provide faster and more complete notification for public health purposes. Shorter RDTs have been associated with decreased treatment time, mortality, morbidity, and length of hospital stay. Effective medical information communication strategies must address the needs of a heterogeneous group of users, and overcome challenges in relaying timely information to even the most peripheral sites.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A baseline assessment found that most hospitals do not have an efficient recording and information sharing system of test results. the traditional flat file organization is still in place and the system makes it difficult to search for patient’s file. The consequence of this delay may bring about high mortality rate and bad reputation for the hospital. Test results are very vital as they enable the doctors to know the kind of treatment to administer, however they take time to arrive, and patients could still experience risky delays unless programmatic aspects are also addressed. Therefore, a medical information system is needed to address the problem of getting information about the medical test result of patients. This system has been shown to decrease the number of reporting errors, most importantly eliminating missing results

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The aim of the study is to design and implement a medical test result information system
The following are the objectives of the study:
To develop a medical test result information system for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
To present the importance of information systems
To bring to light the modules involved in a medical test result information system
To make known the resources needed for a typical medical test result information system
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is that it will help medical practitioners get timely information about the laboratory test result of patients. The study will also serve as a useful reference material to other researchers seeking for information pertaining the subject.

SCOPE OF STUDY
This study covers the design and implementation of a medical test result information system.
Organization of Research
This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms. Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter is discussed. Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It presents the research methodology used in the development of the system, it analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter. Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation, the choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation. Chapter five focuses on the summary, constraints of the study, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Analysis: the examination of something in detail in order to understand it better or draw conclusions from it. Laboratory: a place where research and testing is carried out
Test: an examination of part of the body or of a body fluid or specimen in order to find something out, e.g. whether it is functioning properly or is infected
System: An assembly of computer hardware, software, and peripherals functioning together to solve a common problem
Patient: Somebody who receives medical treatment
Information: the meaningful material derived from computer data by organizing it and interpreting it in a specific way.

ABSTRACT
Life’s circumstances are mathematical in nature. It is therefore clear that answers to such circumstances are obtainable through mathematical processes. Hence this can be achieved if form of mathematical equations and finding the appropriate methods of solving such problem (equation). Linear equation is just an algebraic expression in which certain constants must be summed up, divided or multiplied to find a variable (unknown value) in the expression. Hence designing software for the solution of linear equation makes the system (software) more timely, more accurate and easy to report generation, which makes the system to which they are applied efficient. The primary aim of this study is to develop a software (computerize) for the solution of linear equation.    
INTRODUCTION
The mathematical nature of life circumstances has triggered off the research methodology in mankind, in his usual inquisitive nature to find and adduce various methods and techniques for solving life’s problems. This is achieved by reducing life’s activities to mathematical equation in linear forms to make it possible to handle the numerous variables of life. Before proceeding let’s consider the basic definition of linear equation. A liners equation is an algebraic equation or expression, which is in the first-degree order i.e. the highest power that it can attain, is to an indent of 1. Linear equation usually take the form A x B  = C, where A, B, C are all constants (known values) and X is the variable (unknown value) to be found. Often a linear equation may contain many variable so that we may have AX1 + AX2 + AX2 -------  + A x N = B, here each a is called the constant and the co-efficient of X, where X = X1, X2 ---- XN, also each X need not be equal to each other. When we have this sort of equation we call it Linear equation for examples:
(1)        2X  =  3
(2)        7M  = 8 + 5M
(3)        4 + 3X  = 17
(4)        4 – 4X  = 9  - 12X
(5)        3 (4C –7) –4 (4C – 1)  = 0
Solution for (1) takes the usual form X = 3/2
For (2) we may write m = 4. i.e 7m  - 5m = 8 
2m  = 8, m  = 8/2  = 4
For (3) X  = 41/3  or 4. 333, in this case
3X = 17 – 4, 3  x  = 13
    X  = 13/3  =  41/3
For (4) X  = 5/8, that is to say
4 – 4X + 12X  = 9  - 4
8X  = 5
X  = 5/8   For (5) C  = 41/4  
3 (4C  - 7) – 4  (4C – 1)  = 0
Remove brackets
12C  - 21 – 16C  + 4  = 0
-4C – 17  = 0
Divide both ides by – 4
C  = 17/4,  =  -  41/4
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Solving linear equation may sometimes involve rigorous calculation and approximation of numbers. The use of parenthesis (Brackets), negative signs can make solving linear equation very lengthy and may sometimes be confiding to the human mind at a certain point. Hence this has made the solution so labourious and an uphill task if it must be correctly applied as a solution system. The method of information storage and retrieval process of accumulated figures and substation is not an easy task. If there are no automated system of information storage and retrieval, the application of linear equation is virtually impossible, as much time than required will be spent before an accurate result is generated. Human beings cannot really tackle the ambition and sometimes complex calculations involved in using the system of solution easily which delays the result for its real field application.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main concern of this project work is to study the methods and processes for solving linear equation. A careful study of the method of solution (Linear equation) and application revealed errors and problems affecting the effectiveness and efficiency of the system are detected and corrective recommendations are made. A new computerized system designed and implemented to take care of the solution system (Linear equation), this made the process involved to be more timely, more accurate and the whole solution system more efficient. The generality of task involved were made easy and interesting as the system now makes early generation of result. 
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is make the solution technique to solving linear equation (i.e most life is problem) easier and faster and hence reducing time wastage Also the significance of the study is to help reduce stress on the human brain associated with lots of reasoning when solving linear equation. Also the significance of the study is to help student, teachers who see mathematics as a very difficult subject look more like fun.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Due to some limitation from my side, which includes
(i)         Financial burden
(ii)        Limited knowledge on my own part
(iii)       Limited time factor
The system will only be able to carryout linear equation with a single term, i.e. the new system will not be able to carryout arithmetical operations involving terms. In order words it cannot add, subtract, divide and multiply like terms. Throughout the study deals on linear equation the new system will not be able to carryout other mathematical operation on other mathematical operators like the greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (≥) and less than or equal to (≤)
ASSUMPTIONS
In order to make head way in this study of solution of linear equation certain conditions must be assumed to be true thus;
(1) It is assumed than life’s circumstances are quantitative
(2) It is assumed that linear equation is accurate, reliable and adequate enough
(3) It is assumed that the solutions are error free
(4) Assumption is made that all life’s circumstances are relative in nature.
(5) Also an assumption is made that the approximated values adequately represent the life circumstances.

INTRODUCTION
This chapter focuses on the introduction of the study, it presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, aim and objectives of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms.
Background of the study
According to Georgiou, Williamson, Westbrook (2006) a medical test result information system is a means for E-health care that facilitates management of the workflow of medical tests. The ultimate objective is to store patients’ results and provide healthcare professionals with a quick and accurate access to them. Only eligible people with access permittance are consent to access the system, thereby maintaining confidentiality of patients’  files. Specific objectives include:
1-  Establishment  of  a  paperless  environment  while  maintaining  a  digital  Recording
2- Optimize utilization of medical resources at the medical center
3-  Increase efficiency of medical care outcome
4- Monitoring and control the medical laboratory workflow process
The strengthening of medical information processing capacity in resource-limited settings is very important. It is believed that the best way to do this is by building sustainable laboratory capabilities that will provide access to high quality, rapid, and affordable diagnostic tests for the care, treatment, prevention and surveillance of three major ailments which are: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria. Evaluations of medical reporting systems to date have measured their impact on those health establishments that have point-of-care access to the system via internet, local area networks, or other forms. In these settings, they have been shown to decrease result delivery times (RDTs) of laboratory results, reduce redundancy in resource utilization and provide faster and more complete notification for public health purposes. Shorter RDTs have been associated with decreased treatment time, mortality, morbidity, and length of hospital stay. Effective medical information communication strategies must address the needs of a heterogeneous group of users, and overcome challenges in relaying timely information to even the most peripheral sites.
Statement of Problem
A baseline assessment found that most hospitals do not have an efficient recording and information sharing system of test results. the traditional flat file organization is still in place and the system makes it difficult to search for patient’s file. The consequence of this delay may bring about high mortality rate and bad reputation for the hospital. Test results are very vital as they enable the doctors to know the kind of treatment to administer, however they take time to arrive, and patients could still experience risky delays unless programmatic aspects are also addressed. Therefore, a medical information system is needed to address the problem of getting information about the medical test result of patients. This system has been shown to decrease the number of reporting errors, most importantly eliminating missing results.
Aim and Objectives of the study
The aim of the study is to design and implement a medical test result information system
The following are the objectives of the study:
To develop a medical test result information system for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
To present the importance of information systems
To bring to light the modules involved in a medical test result information system
To make known the resources needed for a typical medical test result information system
Significance of the study
The significance of the study is that it will help medical practitioners get timely information about the laboratory test result of patients. The study will also serve as a useful reference material to other researchers seeking for information pertaining the subject.
Scope of the study
This study covers the design and implementation of a medical test result information system.
Organization of Research
This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms. Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter is discussed. Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It presents the research methodology used in the development of the system, it analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter. Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation, the choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation. Chapter five focuses on the summary, constraints of the study, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out.
Definition of Terms
Analysis: the examination of something in detail in order to understand it better or draw conclusions from it.
Laboratory: a place where research and testing is carried out
Test: an examination of part of the body or of a body fluid or specimen in order to find something out, e.g. whether it is functioning properly or is infected
System: An assembly of computer hardware, software, and peripherals functioning together to solve a common problem
Patient: Somebody who receives medical treatment
Information: the meaningful material derived from computer data by organizing it and interpreting it in a specific way.

INTRODUCTION
The impact of engineering age is tremendous and its arrears of application are increasing geometrically.  It is believed that the information revolution will radically change the nature and quality of engineering work in the near future. Some of the most exiting arrear of the information technology includes.
- Office automation and computer publishing 
- Just-in-time (J.I.T) production techniques to reduce cost and improve quality.
- Electronic shopping and electronic funds transfer
- Computer controlled commuter train system
- Decision support system (DSS) that facilitate real time control of making under battle field condition typically characterized by uncertainty
- Computer aids to the handicapped including intelligent implants and experts for medical diagnosis.
- Computer aids instruction (CAI) and aided manufacturing.
Due to all these mentioned arrears of computer application and more, computer has now been accepted and used by so many organizations, by individuals for various purposes.  It is believed that computer is an agent, which improves productivity, enhances competition. It is however worthy to not that 75% of all computer application generate documented information.  This is why it is said that had copy is the spice of information.  Computer generates printed report for adequate circulation and communication.  This underlines the importance of printers in computerized operations and environments. Considering the increasing number of which malfunction ‘vis a vis’ while the scanty availability of maintenance experts, these is no doubt that may important and urgent reports are either frustrated permanent or produced too late to serve their purpose.  ItS therefore become very imperative to develop this EPSON printer troubleshooting and maintenance expert system which will guide a non-expert through step by step approach to troubleshoot and maintain his EPSON printer. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM When printers malfunction, it is often difficult tracing the causes of such malfunctions with respect to identified symptoms.  Often, some of these faults are so minor that virtually every user is supposed to be able to handle them effectively without having to undergo the rigours of finding maintenance experts.  In many occasions, the defects are perfectly eliminated by clearing the edge connectors and resisting the plugs and printer interface cards.  Some diagnostic software such as Qapuls could also help in locating the causes of the problem. However, the need for a reliable maintenance service cannot be over emphasized. Since it is necessary for effective performance of any printer.  Also it is pertinent to observe that there are many other preventive maintenance procedures that can be duly appreciate by the user which could minimize printer failure.  This project has been designed and preventive maintenance in a “DO IT YOURSELF FASHION.  It as well provides most of the salient information necessary to troubleshoot Epson printers. PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this project or study is to give expert knowledge or guide on the rectification of several known faults commonly developed by Epson printer and then develop an expert software system which will give any user the expertise knowledge to rectify the problem of his/her Epson printer.  This project will, therefore, briefly, look at the superficial culture of maintaining and trouble shooting printers with a view providing a number of analytical diagnostic steps that an operator could easily implement to enable him/her forge ahead when his/her printer suddenly develops a fault in the make of a printer job
Aim and Objectives of the study
The aims and objectives of this project are:- To assemble a knowledge base that is common to the trouble shooting and maintenance Epson printers of diverse models.  To prevent this knowledge in a diagnostic format such that will enable even non-expert identify and rectify minor problems of the printers especially.  When the maintenance experts are not handy.  To provide a printer maintenance teaching aid on the basis of DO IT YOURSELF.  To emphasize the concept of preventive maintenance, especially as it effects fragile electronic of the ink of computer and printers.
SCOPE OR DELIMITATION
Even though there are several types – laser, dot – matrix, inkjet – and makes of printer Epson, OK1, NEC, CITIZEN, IBM, STAR, PANASONIC, etc,. for the purpose of this project, it has been designed to focus on the most commonly found (the Epson dot – matrix printer).  This option was chosen with the respect to the fact that this could be regarded as the (economy class) hence need as much guide as possible both in preventive and guide as possible both in preventive and corrective maintenance. It is worth being mentioned that the project has been designed and mainly flow on the Epson and similar.  The area of coverage is not very wide, however, since volume of books and journals are regularly on the issue.  Hence this work shall not attempt to be exhaustive.
LIMITATION 
The research work cannot contain all it suppose because of the following reasons or limitations. TIME FACTOR:- The aim that is given for the research on this study is very limited making it impossible to go further into the research. UNAVAILABILITY OF THE NEEDED INFORMATION:- Seeing that only a few engineering firms exist in this country, it was difficult for me to get much informant for the work. TIMITED RESOURCES: Because of the cost in transportation and other financial demands, it was not possible to get all the information needed for an elaborate work
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Artificial intelligence result when machines are made to thick.  Artificial intelligence is a general term, which expert systems and robotics lie.  The expert system technology has been necessitated by the fact that some human domain experts delay some wonderful skill, which is lost whenever they die thereby leaving the future generation with little or nothing to inherit from their wonderful skill.  Hence they need the expert knowledge of a human being in a domain of activity to be stored in the computer such that computer mimic the reasoning of the expert in some way reaching the same decisions or conclusion as the expert himself and effectively replacing him. Because of the reposition of an expert knowledge in the computer memory to enable it think like the expert. EXPERT SYSTEM (ES) The title of this work “expert system on trouble shooting and maintenance of Epson printer” presents a lot of computer words or term or jargon which need detailed explanation or definition for absolute comprehensive of this and topic and the intention of this work.  I shall therefore proceed to highlight the meanings of the terms. WHAT IS EXPERT SYSTEM? According to Daniel L. Stotink and his friends in a book “computer and applications an introduction to data processing” expert system is also a knowledge based system.  It is a complex software (program), designed to imitate the thought processes and decision making patterns of human experts in a given field.  The expert system is an off-spring of artificial intelligence (AI) and it is developed using the programming techniques of A1.  when the expert knowledge of human being in a domain of activity is stored in the computer.  Such that the computer repository of this expert knowledge in some way, reaching the same conclusion as the expect himself and efficiently replacing him, an expert system or knowledge based system results. KNOWLEDGE – BASED The repository in a computer of an experts knowledge in a given domain as a knowledge base. DOMAIN EXPERT It is not easy to effectively replace the human being with just one expert system rather, a piece meal approach is used in which an expert system is instrumental for a narrow domain to mimic the human being in one activity at a time. REASONING BY INDUCTION If in an expert system past conditions and corresponding decisions reached are stored such that where a new condition arises. The computer tries to march it with one of the previous condition, the approach is known as reasoning by induction. HEURISTIC In general, the experience a human being acquires in any are of human endeavour are often in the form of rules of thumb which the human experts falls upon when confronted with a new but related situation.  Such rules of thumb are known as heuristic in artificial intelligence terminology.  INFERENCE ENGINE The knowledge of an expert can be represented as a set of rules that allows the computer to make human like decisions on the subject.  In other words, a knowledge – base can actually be in the form of rules and not only in the form of tables of information which can also be used as alternative approach.   The computer program written to shift through the set of rules representing human expert knowledge so as to reach a decision on the current situation can be referred to as inference mechanism or inference engine.  TROUBLE – SHOOTING Trouble – shooting is the ac of detecting and mending faults be it a hardware or software facility.  To be good trouble shooter one needed to understand a system better than the average person. MAINTENANCE Maintenance is the performance of “prevention or remedial maintenance in order to prevent incipient hardware faults or to correct a hardware fault that has occurred”.  We therefore define computer and printer maintenance as the prevention and correction of faults in the system or as knowing fault that has occurred or as knowing fault that has occurred or that fault can occur.  And taking steps to ensure that the fault is eliminated. Definition in this ways two kinds of maintenance can be identified. i. PREVENTIVE:- Knowing that a fault can occur and taking steps to prevent occurrence. ii. CORRECTIVE:- When the faults has already occurred and it has to be corrected.  Also a definition of exactly what is (fault) or what constitute a fault must be known.  In essence, for maintenance to take place a description of the normal fault (its cause) and its remedy must be known.  It should be clear that maintenance to take place, a large information based about the fault to be diagnose has to available to service personnel.  Also needed would be the tool, both of these items are discussed in this project.  When take within the context of computer, maintenance and hardware maintenance.  The terms “hardware” in the brain, respectively to the brain while a software fault might be equivalent to mis information. Knowledge engineer is a specialist who works with experts to capture the knowledge they possess in order to develop a knowledge base for expert system and other knowledge from experts and then builds the knowledge base using an iterative, prototyping process until the expert system is acceptable.

ABSTRACT
Having discovered the important of computer in all ranks and aspect of life, computer system is applicable to almost all human activities and have been employed to automatic most activities especially in area were management of data is of utmost importance. This project addresses the problems of using a manual processing in placement of secondary schools. The manual processing involves in the placement were examined and analyzed the problems were noted and possible solutions to this problems was recommended and adopted. A new computerized web based and more sophisticated system is design to tackle the problems of manual processing of data. This system will help in a fasten collection of data, speeding placement of secondary schools and correction of errors, retrieval and editing of documents at a fantastic speed.
INTRODUCTION
Until recently, the placement of secondary schools was done manually and it have had some negative effects on schools. For instance, the delay. In the manual placement of secondary schools may lead to one losing a chance of being placed serve. With manual system of placement data is labour intensive and time consuming. This is because of the volume of data on which routine last are performed. Is relatively very large. This result in accuracy and slow processing. The data that is being manipulated must be reliable and this requires a reliable system. This intensifies the need of providing sophisticated machine that will help in the processing for convenience. The system with its advance features. In stronger, processing, retrieval makes the processing very easy. With the aid of computer system retrieval and editing of document and all problems of the manual processing will be a thing of the past.
Statement of Problem
This project is aimed at enhancing the process of placing secondary schools. The processes involved in the process are still been done manually and the manual way of placement has some negative effects as follows.
1. The manual system retrieval and storing very slow and difficult.
2. Usually data is labour intensive and time consuming. This is because the volume of data on which routine task is performed is relatively very large.
3. There may be omission of information.
4. There may also be loss of vital information
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of the study is to enhance the placement of secondary schools to various place to serve by the use of a web based computerized system rather than the manual system that makes work difficult to identify the problems of the existing system. To provide solution alternatively to the operations inherent to the existing system and to design a new system that will take care of the problems of the existing system.
Objectives of the study
The primary aim of this project work is to study the existing system of placement of secondary schools and produce a computerized web based design for automatic processing. Therefore, the objective of this is set out to achieve involves the following: 1. To review existing literature on secondary schools.
2. To offer useful recommendation on how to improve placement of secondary schools.
3. To examine the relevance of adopting a computerized automatic processing.
4. To identify the means through which the recommendations can effectively be implemented by the directorate.

ABSTRACT
The computerized child abuse database management system is a project proposed to create awareness among masses on the issues related to child abuse. The computerized system will keep tracks of all the suspicious incidents of child abuse by generating reports, aid law enforcement agency based on numerous details. Implementing this computerized system will play a crucial role in child welfare. The management system and data collection tools will meet with the Federal reporting requirements, it will also serve the information needs of an organizations, help inform management decisions and support caseworkers' interactions with children, youth, and families.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The increased Violence against young people includes all types of violence, these occurs for ages between 0-18 years old. This violence may be child maltreatment (i.e. sexual and emotional abuse, neglect or physical violence) mostly between parents or other authority figures. Both genders (boys or girls) are at same risk of physical assault and emotional neglect and abuse, the females are at greater risk of sexual abuse or violence, this mostly leads to unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. As young people between this age groups reaches adolescence, peer violence and intimate partner violence, in addition to child maltreatment, becomes highly unavoidable. Violence against children can be avoided by setting up preventable measures. Preventing and addressing to violence against children requires that efforts the society, health workers and other organizations to systematically address the risk and protective factors at all four interrelated levels of risk (individual, relationship, community, society). World Health Assembly (May 2016), reached a resolution which endorsed the first ever WHO Global plan of action on tightening the roles of the health system within a national multisectoral response to fight against child neglect, interpersonal violence in particular against girls and women, and against children.The Online child abuse database management system when implemented, will be an application developed to move beyond addressing the impact of child abuse by seeking out the root cause and identifying ways to prevent it. This is an application created to trace out the statistics based on the reports about child abuse and help reduce the rates of the crime. It will maintain a centralized database of all scheme related information. This computerized system verifies and generate reports of incidents about abusive parents, physical and sexual abuse. The Child abuse application will maintain vital information about child abuse laws, it will provide details about those children who are in risk. Encounter the challenges with proper documentations which include misplacement of vital information or cases, as a result of large volume of work handled, duplicated or efforts due to inconsistency in activities, and a lot of time spent in searching for files or reports when needed for processing.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The existing system, which is a manual process requires modification and replacement to enhance it effectiveness, they exist a lot of challenges associated with the old and existing system. The existing system faces numerous challenges due to the manual procedure of recording and keeping track of child abuse victims, which may include:
A lot of paper work is required to keep vital information, which may lead to lost or damage.
Unauthorized users can easily have access to sensitive information.
Processing time is slow and lengthy, most times data is duplicated.
Keeping multiple folders of child abuse report manually takes a lot of time and resources and some of the information is unreliable and inaccurate
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of the project is to comprehend the challenges of the current system and to recognize the essential requirements and discuss how the computerization of the system can help in eradicating the challenges of the manual based system, with the following objectives:
To design a functionally database system for child abuse offenders and victims.
To compute child abuse records for easy retrieval.
Deny access to unauthorized personnel.
Help in the fight against child abuse across the country.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is not limited to or within any agency, it is designed and developed for the prevention and protection against child Abuse and Neglect.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Child abuse and child neglect are social challenges that influences countless underage individuals, and something must be done to change these problems. They is a need to design a computerized child abuse and neglect database management system to help combat this issue. With findings from the research, it will help law enforcement agency, organizations and other agencies to solve the issues and challenges associated with inability to keep precise records effectively and reduce loss of vital information or reported cases. Furthermore, reduce the rate of child abuse across the country. This study will also be beneficial to scholars who want to do additional research on the study.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The computerized system will be able to compute children abused over recent years, store complainant and offenders’ records for easy retrieval, since is the system is a web-based application, it will require internet access to be enable to access information on the platform.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Violence: Behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. .
Neglect: This usually occur when families fail to or on their own part fail to provide the necessary need for their children such as food, medical care, being deprived of essential need of life. .
Child: Child is defined as the dependent person in the custody of a parent or guardian for protection of his/her life. .
Abuse: It is any deliberate act by a person, group of person in the society designed to inflict on a child mentally, physically sexually or emotionally. .
Online: while connected to a computer or under computer control.
Child Abuse: This is a child this is physically, sexually, emotionally or psychologically maltreated by the parent, caregivers, teachers or group of persons.
Offender: This is a person who commits an illegal act. He/she is a criminal and guilty of an offence.
Complainant: A complainant is a person who lodges a complaint. It is a term used in content of criminal law to refer to person who alleges that another person committed a criminal act against him/her in a legal way. It is a person who reports a case or crime.

INTRODUCTION
An online examination system for recruitment of staff is a web application that establishes a network between the organization and applicants. The organization enters on the site the questions they want in the exam. These questions are displayed as a test to the eligible students. The answers inputted by the applicants are then evaluated and their score is calculated and saved. This score then can be accessed by the inst to determine the passes students or to evaluate their performance. Online Exams System provides the platform but does not directly participate in, nor is it involved in any tests conducted. Questions are posted not by the site, but users of the site.  According to Yu, Hsiao and Cho (2014), online examinations are convenient, and fast. Online examination has three main purposes:
To allow test-takers at different places to take the test at the same time through the online examination website.
Through careful planning and proper coding, enable tests, grading and to check results on the website.
To integrate database with the program, allowing teachers easy addition of questions and creation of tests.
The formulation of questions for a test is often treated with doubts and suspicions. In a typical online examination system, the questions are strict and set with care. Although the exam questions is in the multiple choice format (objectives), the questions are chosen at random. All students have the same questions but the order of questions is different. Since the order of the question differs on each computer, the motive in students to cheat is reduced. Cheating at examinations is unacceptable. It is common knowledge that people are likely to cheat in a network environment but this is wrong as cheating at examinations is unacceptable as it affects the fairness of an examination. This situation implies that to overcome the tendency to cheat is the major challenge in online examinations. Despite the pitfalls, online examination is very important and useful as it breaks the barrier of distance and different geographical location. Applicants from all over the world can access the system thereby giving the examiners a good chance to identify highly intelligent prospective staff.
Every organization is made up of employees, and before employees are recruited, information pertaining to them is obtained, processed and analyzed after they have applied to determine their qualification for employment into a given position. For every position, there are certain skills and qualifications needed. The performance of the individual is a function of employee ability, motivation and opportunity (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). Short-listing of employees also known as Recruitment and selection, forms a core part of the central activities underlying human resource management: namely, the acquisition, development and reward of workers. It forms an important part of the work of human resource managers – or designated specialists within work organizations. It has an important role to play in ensuring worker performance and positive organizational outcomes. It is often claimed that selection of workers occurs not just to replace departing employees or add to a workforce but rather to put in place workers who can perform at a high level and demonstrate commitment.   Recruitment is important for organizations since it performs the essential function of drawing an important resource, human capital, into the organization (Boxall & Purcell, 2003; Parry & Tyson, 2008;). It has a strategic aim as it focuses on the need to attract high-quality people in order to gain a competitive advantage (Parry & Tyson, 2008; Malinowski et al, 2005). Recruiting people with the right abilities reinforces the organizational goals (Boxall & Purcell, 2003).
Conducting examination before employees are recruited is very important as their level of success in the exams will reflect their level of competence or ability. Online examination widens the spectrum for organizations to reach out to more applicants and to get the best. It is on this premise that this research study is set to examine the design and implementation of an online examination system for recruitment of staff.
1.1 Statement of Problem
Many organizations do not have competitive personnel and this negatively affects the productivity and image of the organization. In addition, there is no effective structure to recruit staff that is able to stand up to the responsibility of their duties. Many organizations still adopt the manual method of recruiting and the applicants are limited to those in their immediate environment. Also, many applicants find it difficult to get to the examination centers due to distance and high cost of transportation. Organizations are unable to reach out to a wide spectrum of applicants so as to be able to recruit the best employees. The traditional examination for recruitment is usually characterized by cheating which hampers the credibility of recruited employees. There is need for a more effective system that is able to reach out to a wider spectrum of employees, breaking the barrier of distance and cost and thereby promoting the recruitment of well qualified staff.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The following are the objectives of the study;
To design and implement an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
 To identify the structure/characteristics of an online examination system for staff recruitment.
To identify the benefits of an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
To find out the challenges/disadvantages of the adoption of online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
1.4 Significance of the study
The significance of the study is that it will bring to light the relevance of adopting online examination system for employee short-listing or e-recruitment system and the need for its adoption  by organizations. It will help organizations solve the present challenges they are facing in attracting eligible and professional employees by providing a software system that processes the application of different applicants. It will also save them time and cost of recruiting. In addition, other scholars seeking for valuable information on the subject will find this research material relevant. 1.5 Scope of the Study
This study covers the design and implementation of an online examination system for the recruitment of staff.
1.6 Organization of Research
This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms.  Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter is discussed.
Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It presents the research methodology used in the development of the system, it analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter.  Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation, the choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation. 
Chapter five focuses on the summary, constraints of the study, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Online: Refers to a system connected to the internet that can be accessed remotely from any part of the world.
Examination: A test designed to assess somebody's ability or knowledge in a particular subject or field
Employment – the condition of working for pay
Application - a formal and usually written request for something such as a job, a grant of money, or admission to a school or college
Short-list - to put somebody or something on a final list of candidates for a position or award
Recruitment - to enroll somebody as a worker or member, or to take on people as workers or members
Human resources - the field of business concerned with recruiting and managing employees
Management - the organizing and controlling of the affairs of a business or a sector of a business

ABSTRACT
This project work would mainly focus on the account receivable system, which is an important aspect of accounting system of an organization.
It is the manual accounts receivable system of the organization in question that would be used as a bedrock to computerize the account receivable system and various transaction that are involved n accounting.
The basic interest of this work is to illustrate what accounts receivable is all about and how its various transaction problem could be manipulated and solved using the computer. This illustration would involved the staffs easy understanding of the computer program documentation as well as using them to effect account receivable problem variations. 
A basic program is being written and run to explain how the account receivable transactions are being carried out.
This project involves some interactive means of recording, progressing, accessing and retrieval of accounts receivable information in an organization.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1        Background of the study
1.2        Statement of the study
1.3        Objective/purpose of the study
1.4        Significance of the study
1.5        Scope of the study
1.6        Limitation of the study
1.7        Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1        Introduction
2.2        Account receivable policies
CHAPTER THREE
Description and analysis of and existing system
3.1        Fact finding method used
3.2        Organization structure
3.3        Objective of the existing system
3.4        Input, process, output analysis
3.5        Information flow diagram   
3.6        Problem of the existing system
3.7          Justification for the new system
CHAPTER FOUR
Design of the system
4.1        Output specification and design
4.2        Input specification and design
4.3        File design
4.4        Procedure chart
4.5        System flow chart
4.6        System requirement
CHAPTER FIVE
System implementation
5.1        Program design
Program flowchart
Psuodocode
5.2        Sources program
5.3        Test run
CHAPTER SIX
Documentation
6.1        User’s guide
6.2        Main menu
6.3        Viewing the test result
6.4        Quitting the system
CHAPTER SEVEN
Recommendation and conclusion
7.1        Summary and conclusion
7.2            Recommendation
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 
Account receivable is a broad aspect in the banking or business sectors and it is mostly concerned with timing and measurement. Account receivable implies the issue of timing and measurement. In most receivable transaction, the account to be recognized is the exchange price between the two panties that is the purchaser and the collector; the exchange price therefore, is the amount for the debtor (a customer or a borrower) and is generally evidenced by some type of business document after an invoice. There are two factors that may complicate the measurement of the prices; these includes:  
1.       The length of time between the sale and due date of payment.
2.       Availability of discount.
This project work will focus mainly because of receivable, the different problems facing account receivable and how such problems can be saved. Emphasis will be equipped much on how these account receivable could be computerized because the computer is expected to show the level of importance. Account receivable is important aspect of accounting. It deals with the credit aspect in banking requires that we are acquitted or declared with verse knowledge of the computer before applying it as a device to manage and control the account receivable of a company like Anammco Ltd, Emene, Enugu. The various transactions about receivable could be clearly shown using the computer while the computer owns accruable business transaction and the nature of the profits made by the company or firm. The different percentage that shows either to be reduces or increase by the company could be worked out suing the company to shows for it. Mostly computer has helped immensely in industries or factories as well as bank.
Accountants make it easier to work with computer for customers who come to pay- in for goods brought, expresses their every day interest on the way computers records their affairs for future use.
The computer has helped in no small measure and want to make use of the system; the main point would mainly be on account receivable. The different way in which account receivable is being received for the purchase of goods and services with money being used for the transaction of business which is gotten in return will be debit within this text of the account receivable system.
1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This project is studied to solve some specific problems that the account and the customers are confronting daily. It could take the form specified below:
1.       It could be how to computer the total money or receivable forms from the customers at the end of the week, month or year at the basis, which the organization want to be.
2.       To design a computer model that will be able to update, retrieve, input and delete some specified data on specified customers at any given time and to required by the company about the customer.
3.       To design an effective system to undertake the transaction of the accounting activities more effectively and efficiently. 1.3    PURPOSE /OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 The purpose of this project is to design and implementation of a computerized system, which would stand as a model to study and to provide a room for the manual account receivable system of Anammco Ltd,Emene Enugu and implement it to suit the formal system as well as the new computerized system. If the manual system is computerized, then the activity in the company cacludes the following:
1.           Easy accessibility and manipulation
2.           Easy input, retrieval, deletion and storage.
3.           Ability to update the system.
Account receivable also is being studied to apply the new computer programs into accounting business. Receivable are written promises of the markers to a certain sum amount of money on a specified future date and many ways crises from sales. Account receivable is also called trade account, which is one of the accounting systems existing under account. This deals with the transaction that involved customers buying goods and services to be paid at a fixed date. This study enables us to know the different sub-leads under account receivable system. 1.4         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
There are many significance to be treated in this project work but the few below would be list as most important.
1.  To notify the message, the need and the importance of computer, which would be done by educating them on how to use the computer, to solve specific problem.
2.  To bring to the awareness of the people, the need of using computer in solving problems. also by educating and illustrating to them on how the computer could be used to do job which five or more able man may not accomplish in two weeks, just in some hoarse. This in turn would help enhance productivity.
3.  To bring help accurate, effective and efficient through put in the organization.
1.5       SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The following question are necessary before we continue: what is account receivable all about?
And how is it used in computerization? From the text” account principle” by Hermason Edward Samuelson “ Is the amount of money paid to a firm, company or business transaction center to enable them carryout their business operation on transaction”. This money is paid on the basis, which the customer purchases goods. Before this method of collection of money was done manually by hand through the account of the business organization, But due to the advent of the new technology introducing the discovery of computers, computers has come to the aid of man by helping to undertake most of the activities performed by men in the office or establishment. Computer now helps the accountant to computerized their accounting system, which could be account receivable, account payable loan etc.
This has made it easier for the accountant to update customers account ledger, retrieve information, delete information and furnish customer with receiving information concerning their system, types of payment, accepted by the organization and also the system of the delivery of good to their customers considering the computer taking over his department, all the necessary information concerning a specific customer will now be timely concise and courtesy about all the customer that undertake the buying of the company, goods and also which the company is concerned or about their receivable from the customer.

ABSTRACT
The researcher chose to research on this topic “Computer Based Census Management System” because of its relevance to the society. Meanwhile, the manual method so far has its attendant problem of being tedious. The researcher, in order to solve this time consuming, monotonous, and repetitive manual census activities went into a thorough study of the existing system. In the report proper, the Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) was adopted and explained. The high level model of the proposed system was also designed and displayed in a format easily understandable to the user. The high level model of the proposed system was designed architecturally and detailed designed through its separate components. There were four modules in all, each taking care of specific function like: the staff management module that maintains records about the staff; the department management module manages information about departments in the commission; the register person, the register states, and the register LGA modules that do the actual registration of individuals. Finally, the parallel change over methodology was adopted to enable the commission compare the results of the two systems (old and new) before implementation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Census has been a reliable exercise from time, from where government rely for decision-making, and aids for administration and planning. According to Robert M. Groves, (2010) Director of the United States Census Bureau;
“Just like we cannot survive without roads and bridges, the country does not function well without an updated census to distribute funds to areas that most need them and to support community decisions and their own future.”
The increasing complexity of modern life means a greater need to plan housing, schools, roads, transportation, and a vast range of social and economic requirement for nation. This cannot be done without a detailed count of the population. Census is being officially managed by some organizations or government, for example the National Population Commission (NPC).
The installation of computer in these organizations or bodies that manages census information will assist not only in fast-recording information but also in solving certain problems, which cannot be easily resolved manually. The human resource of any enterprises are considered to be their most valuable assets, if they are properly harnessed and are well motivated to perform their assigned tasks in such a manner as to enhance the enterprises goals and objectives.
Therefore, adequate population records will provide all the necessary information that is associated with people, which include the size of the population, age structure, educational attainment, labour force and socio-economic characteristics, unlike in the manual method which makes access to data and information very tedious. The integration of different databases so that these databases can be merged and processed together and mainly other reasons, prompted the researcher to develop software for this organization, National Population Commission (NPC).
The increased Violence against young people includes all types of violence, these occurs for ages between 0-18 years old. This violence may be child maltreatment (i.e. sexual and emotional abuse, neglect or physical violence) mostly between parents or other authority figures. Both genders (boys or girls) are at same risk of physical assault and emotional neglect and abuse, the females are at greater risk of sexual abuse or violence, this mostly leads to unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. As young people between this age groups reaches adolescence, peer violence and intimate partner violence, in addition to child maltreatment, becomes highly unavoidable. Violence against children can be avoided by setting up preventable measures. Preventing and addressing to violence against children requires that efforts the society, health workers and other organizations to systematically address the risk and protective factors at all four interrelated levels of risk (individual, relationship, community, society). World Health Assembly (May 2016), reached a resolution which endorsed the first ever WHO Global plan of action on tightening the roles of the health system within a national multisectoral response to fight against child neglect, interpersonal violence in particular against girls and women, and against children.The Online child abuse database management system when implemented, will be an application developed to move beyond addressing the impact of child abuse by seeking out the root cause and identifying ways to prevent it. This is an application created to trace out the statistics based on the reports about child abuse and help reduce the rates of the crime. It will maintain a centralized database of all scheme related information. This computerized system verifies and generate reports of incidents about abusive parents, physical and sexual abuse. The Child abuse application will maintain vital information about child abuse laws, it will provide details about those children who are in risk. Encounter the challenges with proper documentations which include misplacement of vital information or cases, as a result of large volume of work handled, duplicated or efforts due to inconsistency in activities, and a lot of time spent in searching for files or reports when needed for processing.
1.1 Background of the study
Census taking in Nigeria can be traced to have started from as far back as 1966 after the colonization of Lagos by our colonial masters. Since then, there have been several attempts to count Nigeria population. However, these censuses are characterized by some difficulties and deliberate and ill-minded attempts to inflate population figures; just in favour of one geopolitical zone or the other. This does not and cannot represent the nation‟s image as regards to human population. As a result of this, the National Population Commission (NPC) was established using the Decree No. 23 of 1989. The brain behind this was to have successful censuses each time and as well accurate demographic data. It is no doubt that this Commission (NPC) was vested with a lot of powers and functions some of which are; To undertake the periodic enumeration of the nation‟s population through census, sample surveys, etc. To establish and maintain the machinery for continuous and universal registration of births and deaths To collect, collate and publish data on migration statistics To reach and monitor national population polity and set up national population information data bank.
Unfortunately, Nigeria still relies on foreign statistics population information data bank for most of their population estimation.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There are many problems affecting the National Population Commission from maintaining a steady reliable figures and estimates. These are the more reasons, why the researcher embarked on this research;
Inadequate manpower
Lack of equipments
Poor organization
Unstable polity
Manual bulk carrying of data
1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are summarized as follows: To develop computerized software that automatically stores and retrieves all information on human population.
To develop a reliable system that could be used in collecting data/information on human population.
To develop a system that will support direct access to the specific and required information 1.4 Significant of the Project
It will provide security to data that are unauthorized, users will not gain access to those files and fraud will be minimized in the society which will lead to improvement in administration processes.
A timely retrieval of information is anticipated with efficiency and reliability.
The system will solve problem associated with the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information on human population with ease.
1.5 1.5 Scope of the Project
The major aim of the project is to design a system that will have all information about human population and retrieving of data when ever needed in the society. It focuses on the registration, retrieval and management of information about individuals in the society.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are;
Lack of finance
Refusal of the National Population Commission Awka, to give detailed answers and in some cases no answer at all to some questions
This project is limited to all the data associated with census population figure gotten from the National Population Commission.
Due to time factor, not all the commissions were reached for source of data and information.

DEMOGRAPHY: Demography is the scientific study of the changing number of births, deaths, diseases, etc in a community over a period of time.
POPULATION: Population is the total number of people living in a particular area, city or country.
CENSUS: A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.
ENUMERATION: Enumeration is the head to head count of all individuals in a given society within a period of time.
MIGRATION: Migration is the act of moving from one region or country to another. It is the movement of a group of people, births, or other animals that move in group from one region to another.
ESTIMATION: Estimation is the act of making an approximate calculation of something.
PROJECTION: Projection is an estimate of the rate or amount something.

ABSTRACT
Reading groups have become extremely popular over the past years. And because of their successes in so many communities throughout the nation, the researcher want to implement an online book club management system, to enable students and other book lovers enjoy reading and can easily find a reading group close to their community. The system which will be implemented on the internet and can be accessed on any operating device, either desktop or mobile devices connected to the internet. The system communicates with the database residing on a remote server. This system has been built with HTML, CSS and PHP.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
People who read at least seven books a year are reported to be 2.3 times more intelligent than people who read only one. That stat, floating around the Internet, has been attributed jointly (and separately) to the U.S. Department of Labor and a survey by Yahoo!, Whether that information is strictly reliable or not, executives and avid readers everywhere will attest to the value of reading—for personal development, leadership purpose, training, continuous learning and company innovation. To enhance reading culture among students, starting a book club with books that speak to career advancement and fulfillment. For promoting reading and developing lifelong reading habits have always been parallel goals with developing information literacy through their integrated school library programs. This has traditionally included developing extensive collections of quality literature books (books and novels), as well as rich information books, all in support of the school curriculum and as resources to support positive reading habits. Computerization and the pervasive infiltration of the Internet have dramatically altered all areas of work for teacher-librarians. The school library community has fully engaged in management uses of technologies: automating library collections; providing reference online; providing access to databases and electronic materials; as well as building a significant virtual presence through school library websites, archives of student work, and collected bookmarks of thematic resources. However, the traditional areas of promoting reading and providing readers’ advisory have often remained static and bound by face-to-face methods such as conducting book talks; building in-library displays; and bulletin board displays, as well as evidence that by improving students' access to reading materials and opportunities to interact with peers about their reading, teachers can do a better job of helping all readers become skillful, motivated readers. Since technology is seen as occupying more and more of students time out of school, it would seem important to explore how these two areas might unite to explore how new technologies such as e-books and e-readers support the goals of motivating students to read. Since digital technologies are so appealing to today’s youth, research seems to support the value of developing an online book club system as a factor in motivating young readers to read more with some evidence they may be particularly valuable in motivating reluctant readers. Online book club will enable e-readers also have been used in research exploring children’s reading comprehension (Larson, 2010). Evidence from this work suggests e-readers offer more than just portability and storage capacity; they support readers through their use of multiple tools and text features such as text-to-speech options, dictionaries and note-taking capabilities (Larson, 2010). There can be little doubt that e-books and e-readers are here to stay. In fact, data from publishers/distributors of e-books and the makers/marketers of e-readers have all indicated that growing sales and growing demands will lead to further innovations in these technologies and wider acceptance of their use. This information, coupled with evidence that those who own an e-reader buy more books now than before they owned an e-reader (Duncan, 2010), should awaken teacher-librarians to a reality that looms before them, one that holds great promise in our goals of supporting literacy and promoting reading habits. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this research is to develop an online book club management system, to increase the reading culture among members of this online community, to enhance the sharing of books, proper reading, review books, rate books and connect with other readers.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Increase reading the culture among students’ and members of using the system.
Eliminate borrowing of books from library, informative books will be readable available for the reading pleasure of students.
Reduce money students spend on buying bulk of books.
To increase academy performance of students.
1.4     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In most educational institutions there’s a need to increase the reading culture among students especially in this internet age, were students spend a lot of time on the internet. Students can’t have access to books on holidays or easily without having to visit the school library on campus, it is not only time consuming, but it is also reduce students’ academic performance due to no access to books without stress. 1.5     SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the project is limited to several processes: handling of student ability to access academic materials without having to visit the campus, improve students’ academic performance through continuous reading with other peers. The system will generate the reports such as books read by a particular student to encourage others read same book. The online book club management system is designed in such a way that makes it possible to access through any device connect to the internet.
1.6     DEFINITION OF TERMS
Reading - The action or skill of reading.
E-readers – electronic readers.
Educational - Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.
Online - while connected to a computer or under computer control.
Performance – an act of showing improvement or decrease in a particular period of time.
Academic - of, relating to, or associated with an academy or school especially of higher learning

ABSTRACT
We are in a dynamic world where nothing remains the same for too long. Information storage and retrieval was done manually decades ago. Today, it has been phased out gradually in all areas of our day-by-day activities. Everything is undergoing computerization, so there is need for auditing firm to undergo this process.
The documentation management system in most audit firms no doubt, has a difficult task in today’s competitive auditing industry hence there is the need for a fast, more efficient and effective processing system.
Taking Anammco Ltd Enugu as a case study, client’s files cannot be assessed quickly, and many difficulties are experienced in the updating, verifying and other auditing jobs.
  The work is geared towards the computerization of the existing system of processing data as well as identifying the various problems which are encountered in the manual and mechanical methods of data processing in the auditing of a clients financial statement of account and to recommend a first class solution to these problems which is to computerize the auditing/processes in an organization.
Finally, the thesis was concluded with the implementation, programming, text run and changeover process of the new system.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0       Introduction
1.1       Statement of the problem
1.2       Purpose of the Study
1.3       Aims and Objectives of the study
1.4       Scope of the study and Limitations
1.6       Assumption
1.7       Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0              Literature Review
2.1       Introduction
2.2       The Audit Process
2.3              Audit Operations

 CHAPTER THREE
3.0       Analysis of the existing system
3.1              Fact finding methods used
3.2              Procedure for data collection
3.3              Organizational Structure
3.4              Objectives of the existing system
3.5       Input, process, and output analyses
3.6       Information flow diagram
3.7       Problems of the existing system
3.8       Justification of the new system

 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0       Design of the new system
4.1       Output specification and Design
4.2       Input specification and design
4.2.1              File Design
4.2.2              Procedure chart
4.3       System flowchart
4.4              System requirements
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0       Implementation
5.1       Program design
5.2       Program flowchart
5.3              Pseudocodes
5.4              Source Program
5.5              Test Data
5.6              Sample Reports

CHAPTER SIX
6.0              System Documentation
6.1       Program Documentation
6.2              User Documentation

CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0              Conclusion and Recommendation
7.1       Conclusion
7.2       Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
            Auditing is an activity or exercise that implies an indept examination of a set of financial statements and their underlying records and documents, so as to form an objective opinion which is expressed in the form of an audit report on the truth and fairness of view expressed in the financial statement about the transaction of a business organization.
            Prior to the introduction of computers, auditing was done manually. And due to the increasing activity of expansion in business and organization, it become increasingly difficult and cumbersome to accelerate auditing processing files and documents containing information about the business or organization being audited increased in a number and also was hard to keep as they occupy space. Auditors suffered tremendously because of this.
This came with the intervention of computers, widely used today in all areas of human and be it in production, manufacturing, finance, purchasing, auditing, resources among others. The incessant increase in the use of computer in the police and private sectors of the world economics is a clear manifestation of the efficiency of the operations in achieving results.
However, the ways of auditing manually in recent has been confronted with the problems of error traceable to human mistakes and shortcomings.  
This overcoming these problems with computer is what the researcher is going to consider in this research work.
 PURPOSE OF STUDY
            I am not claiming that this work is enough to make me a philosopher’s stone, but suffice it to state here that this work or study is vital in various ways to be number of people including the businessmen, firms, organizations, companies, both private and government owned companies in the field of auditing. This will be of immeasurable benefit to auditors from time to time.
But on the other hand, organizations will know the measure to take in order to alleviate the problems, which are associated with manual auditing and if when confronted with these problems they would be in a position to find a suitable solution as the case may be.
With the use of computer in auditing, most firms may be secured against dubious minded managers as well as faulty and unreliable information.
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
In order to keep auditing abreast of unreliable record, then there should be the thirst for reliability and credibility of information and records that facilitate capital business operations, firms and organizations proceed to establish and implement computerized measures and alternative to the present auditing. The aims and objectives that are involved in investigating on the alternative to manual auditing operations as well faulty and unreliable records.
This work will also reduce human error in auditing it will also make an auditing to be more reliable, acceptable and understandable to compare with the manual auditing.
 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Information systems have become the backbone of most organizations. Banks could not process payments, governments could not collect taxes, hospitals could not treat patients, and supermarkets could not stock their shelves without the support of information systems. In almost every sector—education, finance, government, health care, manufacturing, and businesses large and small—information systems play a prominent role. Every day work, communication, information gathering, and decision making all rely on information technology (IT). When we visit a travel agency to book a trip, a collection of interconnected information systems is used for checking the availability of flights and hotels and for booking them. When we make an electronic payment, we interact with the bank’s information system rather than with personnel of the bank.
Modern supermarkets use IT to track the stock based on incoming shipments and the sales that are recorded at cash registers. Most companies and institutions rely heavily on their information systems. Organizations such as banks, online travel agencies, tax authorities, and electronic bookshops can be seen as IT companies given the central role of their information systems.
          Information Management System (IMS) is a general term for software designed to facilitate the storage, organization and retrieval of information.
IMS is also the name of IBM’s mammoth software program developed in the 1960s to support NASA's Apollo space program. This IMS version was the precursor to IBM's premier hierarchical database management system (DBMS).
Electronic document and records management system (EDRMS) is a type of content management system and refers to the combined technologies of document management and records management systems as an integrated system.
Unlike DB2 (IBM’s relational database software), an IMS database uses segments, or data blocks, as building blocks of the hierarchical model. Within each segment are multiple data pieces, which are known as fields. At the top of the hierarchy, the segment is known as the root segment. Segments of a specific segment are known as child segments. The child segment order represents the order in which each entry is entered in a database. Hierarchical IMS databases generally come in three forms:
1.     Full function database: Derived from the Data Language Interface (DL/I), this database form may have more than one single access method. Overflow Sequential Access Method (OSAM) or Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) may be used to store and access database fields.
2.     Fast path database: Designed to facilitate an optimum transaction rate. Examples are data entry databases (DEDB) and main storage databases (MSDB).
3.     High availability large databases (HALDB): Handles large volumes of data and provides reliable availability for each piece of data in the database.
IMS (Information Management System) is a database and transaction management system that was first introduced by IBM in 1968. Since then, IMS has gone through many changes in adapting to new programming tools and environments. IMS is one of two major legacy database and transaction management subsystems from IBM that run on mainframe MVS (now z/OS) systems. The other is CICS. It is claimed that, historically, application programs that use either (or both) IMS or CICS services have handled and continue to handle most of the world's banking, insurance, and order entry transactions.
1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
          Paper-based Information management system are rapidly becoming outdated. They are easily lost, are subject to wear and tear, are costly to handle, cannot be transferred electronically, may be difficult to interpret, and are inefficient. These fundamental drawbacks are driving a transition across the globe towards Electronic Health Records (EHRs).
This research work offers a practical solution using cryptography to protect these sensitive electronic records of studentsand staffs in computer science department, Federal college of Agriculture,Ishiagu, and gives them privacy control over who views their records, details and every other sensitive information in other units of the school.
1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Computer science department of Federal college of Agriculture is to an extent manually operated and manage records and data. The recording of students admitted and their activities are done manually in a book, which looks/appears rough. Thus, the books or files are exposed to physical damage by ants and pests, accumulation of dust particles; this makes the contents to be lost, misplaced or even altered.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
             The purpose of this study is to develop software that can be used in information management system students received with its activities. Also to promote efficient and quality of services to individuals
1.     Capture the basic data in the departmental unit of Federal College of Agriculture: where students can view their file.
2.     Protect sensitive information at the various department using user login security and triple DES encryption method there by assigning unique decryption key for each user which works when.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
             This study is primarily aimed at computerizing the manual system of information management system as used in the departments of FCAI. It will help in a good number of ways to ease the process of retrieving data and records in the system.
This study will also highlight the importance information management system to an organization and business centers too.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objectives of this study is aimed at developing a system for the management of information others include
i.   To save time (fast inputting and accessing of records)
ii.   To enable the management to plan ahead
iii.  To reduce fatigue of the staff
iv. To ensure accuracy in the records of information
v. To ensure safety of the documents/records/data/information, because the system will be password aid to reduce access.
vi. To ensure integrity of the records
vii. To ensure consistency of accounts and reduction of error due to        damage of information
viii.         To reduce forgery and loss of information by theft
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the polytechnic as a whole and only the management staffs and students of the institution. Though, the scope is in such a way that the study can be carried out in one and only way that is computerizing the student information. This will help to modernized the inherent problems encountered by the managements of this organization.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research work thou is on information management system but it is dependent on human operation and manipulation in other to perform its work effectively.
Also this research work is limited to power supply as it happens to be the only source of energy therefore without power holding the system cannot work.
Finally this research work is constrain and limited to computer literate those who can operate a computer system effectively and its operation therefore a computer illiterate cannot make use of this research work as expected.
1.8           DEFINITION OF TERMS
Automation: This is the use of control system such as computer to control and process data, reducing the need for human intervention
Database: This refers to a large store of related data on a computer that can be access and modified by the user.
Password: This is a secret code that a user must type into a computer to enable him access it or its applications. This is made up of numbers, letter, special character or a combination of any of the above categories.
Record System: The act of using a computer system to store and update information/data sequentially in order to keep file security.
Computerized: To convert a based system to start using a computer system to control, organize and automate something.
Data Entry: This is the standard input device through which the system gets more of the instructions and commands
Research: A careful study of something, especially to discover new facts or information about it.
System: Set of computer component (that is, the assembling of hardware, software and peripherals to function together.)
IMS (Information Management System) is a database and transaction/record management system that was first introduced by IBM in 1968. Since then.
Information: Information (shortened as info or info.) is that which informs, i.e. an answer to a question, as well as that from which knowledge and data can be derived (as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts)
Information system:A computer Information System (IS) is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

ABSTRACT
The study was aimed at designing a computer software for registration of patient’s in FSDT&T clinic/laboratory. The work was reviewed from text books, journals, website which highlights the process of designing of designing the software using waterfall model method requirement, design, implementation, installation and maintenance. Then sing visual basic 6.0 and MSDN to create the interface, writing the code and set the properties and Microsoft Access for the database.
1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
          Paper-based Information management system are rapidly becoming outdated. They are easily lost, are subject to wear and tear, are costly to handle, cannot be transferred electronically, may be difficult to interpret, and are inefficient. These fundamental drawbacks are driving a transition across the globe towards Electronic Health Records (EHRs).
This research work offers a practical solution using cryptography to protect these sensitive electronic records of studentsand staffs in computer science department, Federal college of Agriculture,Ishiagu, and gives them privacy control over who views their records, details and every other sensitive information in other units of the school.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1    INTRODUCTION.
A computer is a piece of electronic equipment which accepts input of data using pre-defined instructions known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output (Anyaogu,2003).
According to Anyaogu, (2003), a computer program is a sequence of logically valid instructions which tells the computer what it is required to do. These programs or instructions are written in computer language. Software can be defined as that ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence which is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use the machine language (www.wikiepedia.com). Dental software are written in an assembly language essentially a mnemonic representation of machine language using natural language alphabet and it is classified under application software which allows end users to accomplish one or more specific task, (www.freedictionary.com).
In accordance with 21st century technology treatment plan and upgrading of equipment and record keeping in a particular format with uploading of patient’s medical/dental history as they visit the dental laboratory/ clinic is necessary. There is need to develop a soft record of a particular patient/ client past history accessible whenever he/she visit the laboratory/clinic brings about the development of a computer aided software to store this record instead of the use of papers and cards.
User written software are end-user development tailor-made systems to meet user’s specific needs, example dental patient laboratory/clinic registration software which helps in designing computer based information system ranging from relatively simple data entry to retrieval of jobs requiring long term analysis and planning.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In combating the lost of vital patient dental documents/history in the laboratory/ clinic there is need to designing a computer based software for the registration of dental patients. The loss of these in formations is as a result of the following
·        Poor information storage method:  The use of office files and file cabinet is not a good form of information storage those days.
·        Insecurity of data because it is prone to vandalization and unauthorized accessibility.
·        Duplication of data in various departments because of the nature of work needed. It takes a long time in accessing records in the manual system due to the nature of work in the clinic. It is always good for materials to finish unnoticed.
1.3    AIMS OF THE STUDY.
          The aim of this study is to design computer software for the registration of dental patient in federal school of dental technology and therapy clinic/laboratory. Other aims of the work include the following.
a)     To work towards the elimination of ineffective modes of operation. It centers on the user having a good atmosphere for work thereby minimizing stress.
b)    The objective from the initiator of the proposal is generally towards combating all the problems discovered on the existing system, which are listed under the problem of study.
c)     Safeguarding of information through effective monitoring and accessing of the storage data in given filling processing system (data base).
1.4   LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.
The hindrances that were faced during this project work are lack of finance to carryout the project effectively and efficiently.
Another hindrance was the location and availability of a programmer to design the program. The high cost of a computer system and the functions used in the design the software also posed some hindrances to this project but later it was overcome when a functional computer set was delivered to the programmer.
The academic work load and the time frame for the project work was also another hindrance.

ABSTRACT
Company personnel are the backbone of any company therefore their management plays a major role in deciding the success of an organization. A flexible and easy to use personnel management software solution for small and medium sized companies provides modules for personnel management thereby organization and companies are able to manage the crucial organization asset – people. The goal of this project is to design and develop a personnel management system to fill existing gaps in the manual management of employees. The developed system makes it easy for the managers to keep track of all records. It allows for the editing of employees, adding new employees, transferring, promoting, and termination of employees.
The combination of these modules into one application assures the perfect platform for re-engineering and aligning Human Resource processes along with the organizational goals. This system brings about an easy way of maintaining the details of employees working in any organization. It is simple to understand and can be used by anyone who is not even familiar with simple employees’ system. Using the powerful Object-Oriented nature of PHP programming language, the system is user friendly and just asks the user to follow step by step operations by giving easy to follow options. It is fast and can automate many operations for a company with a reliable database management system, MySQL.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The public and private organizations generate staff records. Staff records play an imperative role in providing the information needed by organizations to manage and pay their staff members, plan their workforce requirements and monitor staff performance. Ultimately, any organization’s development and sustainability will depend on sound and effective human resource management, and the approaches it chooses to follow will be derived in part from an analysis of the information contained in staff records. The goal of staff records management is to ensure that a complete and comprehensive employment history of each employee is readily available for as long as it is needed, and that the information contained in staff records supports the management, deployment, payment and development of staff. Other key objectives of staff records management are to support transparency and organizational accountability and to enable accurate audits by creating and protecting human resource records as reliable evidence (Griffin and Hoyle, 2009).
According to Cain et al (2007) organizations need to keep staff information for long periods. For example, retention periods of 70 years or longer for staff files are common in many countries. Thus, staff databases need to store data about individuals for decades – far longer periods that is typical for most database applications. The development of personnel management dates back to the period of World War I around the year 1915 and more recently to the human relations movement of 1935 – 1950.
In one of the studies of Elton mayor, he discovered that psychological factors as well as social factors influence individuals at work rather than physical factors. Specific reasons for the development of personnel management include: -
       i.            As a result of increasing influence of trade unions, traditionally personnel administration took on the role of pacifying the trade unions, so that management could be free run the companies without interference from employees.
     ii.            The formulation of minimum wages low costs and individual legislations increased the need for a team of personnel specialties.
  iii.            As the union became more sophisticated and powerful the need for highly skilled individual relations should increase.
   iv.            The increasing size of business, government and other institutions brought new dimension into the profession of personnel management.
Traditionally, it was practiced in homes where the father is the head of the family. It was he who planned what the family should do, the type of farming, size and where to sell the harvested products. His wives and children helped in the process, no external recruitment was involved, so the more wives and children a man had, the more likely it was that the family be well-of. The recent practices of personnel management in Nigeria is tied up with history and development of the public services, private companies and civil services.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
With large number of works opportunities, the human workforce is increasing, thus, there is a need of a system which can handle the data of such a large number of personnel. Manual handling of personnel information poses a number of challenges. This is evident in procedures such as leave management where an employee is required to fill in a form which may take several weeks or months to be approved. The use of paper work in handling some of these processes could lead to human error, papers may end up in the wrong hands and not forgetting the fact that this is time consuming. A number of current systems lack employee self-service meaning employees are not able to access and manage their personal information directly without having to go through their HR departments or their managers.
Another challenge is that multi-national companies will have all the personnel information stored at the headquarters of the company making it difficult to access the personnel information from remote places when needed at short notice. The project is aimed at setting up an personnel information system about the status of the employee, the educational background and the work experience in order to help monitor the performance and achievements of the employee through a password protected system.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to design and implement a personnel management system for Nigeria Petroleum Corporation Lagos. To achieve the stated objective, the following specific objectives were laid out:
·        Design of a web-based personnel management system to fulfill requirements such as project management; leave management, report generation to assist in performance appraisal and employee trainings.
·        Develop a well secure database management system for the storage of personnel data
·        The system should yield timely and quality information to managers for decision making
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work could be useful for personnel managers or officers in an organization as well as those involved in research work on personnel management. This research work would let us know that the success of an organization largely depends on the assessment and appraisal of individuals and company employee’s potential, performance and how well the organization can strive to equip all its workers.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    Introduction
An estate can be defined as an area or amount of land or property. Estate management is quite a broad term for a number of areas that include property management, surveying, business and finance and the built environment. Closer ties are beginning to emerge between estate and property management and business and financial practices, and essentially the subject is primarily concerned with the valuation and management of land and buildings in the public and private sector. With house prices rising at an astonishing rate over the last few years and now the recession, the government has come under increasing pressure to be  relieved from a 'housing crisis'. This crisis has come about because of the rise in house prices which first-time buyers can no longer afford and a lack of affordable housing for the citizens. Also, the rise in investment buyers has meant that a lot of properties that those on average wages could have once been able to buy, now have to rent instead. All of this has become an area of tremendous interest. The government has predicted that more homes are needed, but where these houses are to be built has also courted controversy. Estate Managers typically set the service standard and are responsible for the hiring, training, and ongoing management of staff required to meet the service needs of the household.   In addition to personnel management, the administrative functions are many. All related financial matters including accounting, budgets, and payroll normally pass through the estate manager’s hands. Based on the size of the property, the Estate Manager may wear many other hats. Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property has the right to consume, sell, rent, mortgage, transfer, exchange or destroy their property, and/or to exclude others from doing these things. A title, or a right of ownership, establishes the relation between the property and other persons, assuring the owner the right to dispose of the property as they see fit. Some philosophers assert that property rights arise from social convention. Others find origins for them in morality or natural law. So, estate management system is needed to take care of keeping records of the estate transactions in terms of allocation, transfer of property, revoke or sale of a property. Maintaining such record manually will be cumbersome hence the need for an estate management system that will automate all estate transactions. This research work is sub divided into five chapters as follows: chapter one which contains the introduction of the work, Chapter two contains the literature review of existing systems, their successes and limitations shall also be discussed in this chapter. Chapter three contains the analyses and design of the proposed system including the methodologies adopted while carrying out the research. Chapter four is where the actual implementation using the appropriate programming language is discussed, and finally chapter five contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
1.2    Background Of The Study
Land use, land valuation, and the determination of the incomes of landowners, are among the oldest questions in economic theory (Shavell, 2004). Land is an essential input (factor of production) for agriculture, and agriculture is by far the most important economic activity in preindustrial societies. With the advent of industrialization, important new uses for land emerged, as sites for factories, warehouses, offices, and urban agglomerations. Also, the value of real property taking the form of man-made structures and machinery increases relative to the value of land alone. The concept of real property eventually comes to encompass effectively all forms of tangible fixed capital. With the rise of extractive industries, real property comes to encompass natural capital. With the rise of tourism and leisure, real property comes to include scenic and other amenity values. Starting in the 1960s, as part of the emerging field of law and economics, economists and legal scholars began to study the property rights enjoyed by tenants under the various estates, and the economic benefits and costs of the various estates, Epstein (2007). This resulted in a much improved understanding of the:
Property rights enjoyed by tenants under the various estates. These include the right to:
·         Decide how a piece of real property is used;
·         Exclude others from enjoying the property;
·   Transfer (alienate) some or all of these rights to others on mutually agreeable terms;
·         Nature and consequences of transaction costs when changing and transferring estates.
1.3 Statement Of Problem
Housing is a basic need for all. Over the years, increase in population and income has led to an equivalent increase in housing demand. Managing these demands manually will pose great challenges and difficulties; hence there is a need to automate the management process. Keeping record in an estate concerning lands, buildings and their owners has been a great task to the government and the governed. Access to estate information proves difficult that most times people are defrauded due to lack of property information. Illegal sales of lands and houses without the consent of the owner are very common. Valuation of estate for the purpose of paying tax to government is not achieved, hence the need for computerization of estate management system.
1.4    Aim And Objectives Of The Study
The aim of this research work is to develop a real estate management system to make estate information accessible to both government and individuals who may like to acquire building or landed property.
The objectives of this study are as highlighted below;
1.     To develop a software that will keep information on land size, land location and land owners in an estate
2.     Handle details for rent and sale of property from clients.
3.      Carry out data analysis and statistical inference.
     4.  Handle staff’s details and their different transactions with clients.
1.5 Significance Of The Study
This research work is of great importance in that it seeks to provide innovative services relating to estate management such as providing information on land use as quickly as possible. Other significances it offers are found in the following areas;
1.     Updating and modification of information concerning land parcels, buildings, social amenities in a country or area.
2.     Faster and easier retrieval of estate information for instantaneous use of recipient such asgovernment agencies, demographers, tourists and individuals.
3.     Identification of the amenities in the Estate so as to know which other ones are needed.
4.     Keep a database of all the lands and buildings in an estate
5.     Guide buyers on how to buy property and who to meet
6.     Educate buyers on the type of land to build in an area for proper estate planning.
7.     It will also aid in urban and regional planning.  
1.6 Scope Of The Study
Every project is carried out to achieve a set of goals with some conditions keeping in mind that it should be easy to use, feasible and user friendly. As the goal of this project is to develop an application to manage real estate efficiently, this system will be designed keeping in mind the conditions (easy to use, feasibility and user friendly) stated above. The proposed project would cover:
1.     Developing a software to effectively manage real estates
2.     Implementing it on a computer system.
1.7    Definition Of Terms
ESTATE: An Estate can be seen as a property to which a person is lawfully entitled. In traditional law, it refers to property in land; a person’sEstate consists of the interest or rights that the person held in land. .
MANAGEMENT: Management is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using available resources efficiently and effectively.It includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organizationor a system to accomplish a goal.
LAND: Landis the solid surface of the Earth that is not permanently covered by water. The vast majority of human activity occurs in land areas that support agriculture, habitat, and various natural resources.
PROPERTY: Property is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person's estate; or so belonging to a person or jointly owned by a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society.
GIS: A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data.In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information.
SURVEY: This can be seen as the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area. It could also mean the locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines, and tunnels.
AUTOMATION: Automation is the use of various control systems for operating equipment or applications with minimal or reduced human intervention.
SYSTEM: A system is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole.Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an information industry term for methodologies, software, and usually internet capabilities that help an enterprise manage customer relations in an organized way.
For example, an enterprise might build a database about its customers that described relationship in sufficient detail so that management of the organization, salespeople, people providing services and perhaps the customer directly could access information that matches customers need with product plans and offerings, remind customers of services requirement, know that other products a customer had purchased and so on.
1.2  GOALS OF CUSTOMER RELATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CRMS)
·        Relevance: The CRM developer should identify one important priority that requires investment in computer and/or human resources. The developer then proposes a specific initiative that addresses this priority. The resource should meaningfully address the issues and opportunities facing the organization for instance, billing system that only processes individual invoices may not be relevant in a world of complication payment options.
·        Accuracy: Any system that relies on estimating financial data is allowed a range of estimation error. The resources should compile and report summary data in a logistically accurate fashion. For example, sales orders are initial recorded in the field or over the telephone retrospective data input procedure are often notoriously inaccurate.
·        Validity: The underlying systemic assumptions should be consistent with the nature of the organization’s business. For instance, a financial accounting program, that calculates costs per unit in accordance with traditional retail product transaction may not be valid for private services contracts. Though the cost information may be relevant, and the calculations may be accurate.The nature of the information may be invalid for purposes of managing a service business.
·        Reliability: The information should be made available when expected. Many companies have failed to develop flat fee guaranteed services contracts because they could be process cost and utilization on a reliable basis and thus could not decide in a prudent pricing schedule. A serious organization should have a 24 hours service provider.for example every ISP should run steady.
·        Accessibility: The appropriate end user should get to the information when needed. The world’s finest internet based application may be useless if its cable connection or dial-up modem is constantly off-line if employees do not understand how to develop data queries.
·        Speed: The information should be able to be analyzed and conclusion drawn quickly enough to justify the investment in maintaining the management information system. For instance, end users must be able to retrieve, review, revise and replicate information within minutes.
·        Cost: The resources should be affordable to the organization and/or users of the system. Affordable must encompass all the benefits and costs of the CRM system, strategy such as the benefits derived from becoming more efficient and the costs required to train employees to use the new system developed.
1.3  BACKGROUND THE OF STUDY
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system came into existence when companies were intent on developing stronger bonds with their customer. According to [Kenbrell, (2002)], CRM is the process of managing detailed information about individual customers and carefully managing all customer “touch point” to maximize customer loyalty. I-cell Telecommunication Nigeria Ltd is a telecommunication firm located in Nigeria. This telecommunication came up fully in existence in 2008, but due to manual way of organizing there customer relationship, I now decide to develop a web base application to enable the customer have effective and interactive interface.
It is impossible to state precisely what Customer Relationship Management (CRM) means to everyone. The term has been applied to almost every element to business that even remotely interacts with a customer. In its infancy, by [Kosh (2004)], CRM systems were a series of mainframe or server based applications specific to sales, marketing and support business functions.
The applications were lightweight by today’s standards and did little more than capture and file critical data. But as cultural boundaries within organizations weakened individual freedoms of information gave way to sophisticated applications that could open business functions. By doing so, these applications created the vision of a single view of the customer.
For the first time, organizations could track and analyze shifting customer needs, link marketing campaigns to sales results, and monitor sales activities for improved forecasting accuracy and manufacturing demands.
For the first time, organizations could track and analyze shifting customer needs, link marketing campaigns to sales results, and monitor sales activities for improved forecasting accuracy and manufacturing demands.
a.     Advance In The 1990s
In the 1990s, companies began to improve on customer relationship management by making it more of a two – way street, instead of simply gathering data for their own use, they began giving back to their customers not only in terms of the obvious goal of improved customer service, but in incentives, gifts and other perks for customer loyalty.
This was the beginning of the now familiar frequent flyer programs, booms point on credit cards and a host of other resources that are based on CRM tracking of customer activity and spending pattern. CRM was now being used as a way to increase sales passively as well as through active improvement of customer services.
b.    Future Developments
A material accessed on the website: http://www.wikipedia.com in May (2011), state the time had come where system are being moved from extranets to the internet. Customers have become a fully integrated participant in the value chain and have the same customer relation management systems access as manufacturers, supplies distributors, or facilitators. In future, it is likely that reengineering principles will be incorporated further into customer management system. It is said that rather than organizing a firm into functional specialties and looking at the tasks that each function performs, we would be looking at complete processes from materials acquisition, to serve our subscribers, to marketing and distribution. More and more software will utilize this approach ultimately there will be fully integrated business information system in which all types of business information are seamlessly moved throughout the firm.
1.4   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The major problem that leads this research is poor communication approach of the company to old and new customers which did not make provision for dynamic online business. They include:
Difficulties in promotion and advertisement.
Poor marketing strategy.
Poor product and services.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The request for bett er quality information and the rapid advances in technology has called for the embankment of this project. This project which involves the automated customer management system is used to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between the tasks of managing in a large business organization and the technology that has become an essential part of the task customer management systems.
The aims of this project however, are to seek and play an important role in the development of customer relation management system and increase the productivity of the case study business organization (I-cell Telecommunication Nig Ltd) through the managed use of the technology of the organization.
-         To develop a web based customer relation and management system.
-         Develop a customer information system to ensure proper management of customer details record.
-         .Ensure increasing customer records are taken care of using the Microsoft access database for its customer records.
-         Boost sales and advertisement by sending mail shots during exhibitions and sales.
-         Save time and efforts for the member of staff currently performing the task of customer details keeping, accounting and marketing manually.
-         Provide better service to customers, staff of the organization and anyone else affected by the new system developed.
-         To create a user friendly system given enjoyment and entertainments to the users of the system by the use of visual basic which has a friendly graphical user interface.
1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This project would be useful in communication system with the following advantages it possesses.
-         It saves time.
-         It is efficient.
-         It is modern and reliable.
-         It is very fast, accurate and security conscious.
1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study of the information system will be narrowed down to a selected telecommunication organization, which is the case study; I-cell Nig Ltd. The system to be developed is a customer relation management system and is intended to enhance customer relationship in business; these are the component required.
-         Record keeping of the call center department: The recording of all customer information details.
-         Order processing of the sales department: The processing of customers order.
-         Bill generation and processing of the accounts department: The tracking of payments by customers and generation of documents in connection with the preparation of bills for each business type customer. The bill depends on the tariff the customer is using.
-         SMS message shot generation of the call center department: The generation of mails for all the customers to boost sales, advertising and improve marketing.
1.8     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Expenses incurred by transportation typing and photocopying materials reduced of extent of details information presented. I was restricted to some equipment used in the organization. System does not encourage customers complain carefully consider the complaints you get, if there is nobody to get it across us, these are the thing that matters. It is often much easier for your customer to just get up and walk away.
1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS
Customer
-         A person or an organization who buys and services from a store or shop or business.
Relation/relationship
-         The way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each other or deal with each other.
-         The way to which two or more things are connected.
Management
-         The people who run and control a business or similar organization.
-         The act of running and controlling a business or similar organization.
-         The act or skill of dealing with people or situation in a successful way.
System
-         An organized set of ideas or theories or a particular way of doing something.
-         A group of things pieces of equipment e.t.c. that are connected to work together.
Information
-         Consist of data than have been processed and are meaningful to a user. It can be on a hard copy or software and can be shared.
Data Warehouse
-         A data warehouse is a repository of an organization’s electronically stored data. Data warehouse are designed to facilitate reporting and analysis. This classic definition of the data warehouse focuses on data storage. However, the means to retrieve and analyze data, to extract, transform and load data, and to manage the dictionary data are also considered essential component of a data warehousing system.
Data Flow Diagrams
-         Data flow diagrams illustrate how data is processed by a system in terms of inputs and outputs. Data flows are pipelines through which packets of information flow label the arrows with the name of the data that moves through it.
Return on Vestment
In finance rate of return (ROR) or return on investment (ROI) or sometimes just return is the ratio of money gained or lost on an investment relative to the amount of money invested. The amount of money gained or lost may be referred to as interest, profit/loss, gain/loss or net income loss. The money invested may be referred to as the asset, capital principal or the cost basis of the investment. ROI is usually given as a percent rather than decimal value.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Technology is constantly changing, Society as we know depends on this fact. That which we take for granted today would have been the stuff of science fiction as little as fifty years ago. In the early years of the twenty first century, it is computers and the Internet that have captured the public imagination, and found their way into not just the working environments, but increasingly into the domestic spaces. In this modern society, if we are not capable to cope up with these changes than we are not going to stand or survive anywhere in this technical world.
Today there is no place for errors, so as to make a system more effective and efficient we need such technology where error prone chances must be least. In the scenario of this project, we are required to develop a web-based application on Job Portal Management System. In this time of recession where everyone, is either experienced or fresher, is in search for a job. This job portal can prove to be very helpful since it allows users of different profile to upload their CVs, search job on the basis of their qualification.
Every user can access through user id and apply for multiple jobs at a time. Viewing available jobs, or applying for the job at the agency can be done for which jobseekers has to go to the agency and check the available jobs at the agency. Job seekers check the list of jobs available and apply the job. Then the agency will show available jobs for the job seeker for his qualifications and then updates the jobs database. The developed Job Portal management system is web-based which Requires Employee Registration & Profiles, Job Search, Employer Registration & Profiles, and Subscription Option for both Employee and Employer etc. Employer can add Own Profile and post jobs and Job Seeker can Search Jobs based on Geographical Area (Country, State, and City), Qualification, and Company wise or on the Basis of Experience and Expertise wise.
1.1    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and objective of the application is to develop a system which job applicants’ and recruiters can communicate with each other. An Online Job Portal is an application where the job seekers can register themselves at the website and search jobs which are suitable for them where as the employers register with the website and put up jobs which are vacant at their company. The Online Job Portal System is a package to be used by agencies to improve the efficiency of business. The system provides jobs catalogue and information to members and helps them decide on the jobs to apply. The Admin and employers can keep the jobs catalogue updated all the time so that the Job seekers get the updated information all the time.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Applicants were required to search through print and visual media for opportunities, most times this jobs were limited to the applicant’s location. Application were submitted using the conventional methods which weren’t effective and efficient based on loss of document during transits and many more. The old system approach was tedious and requires much effort and resources, most times Employers need to advertise the vacancies and sort all applicants’ details, conduct selections procedures based on qualifications.
1.3   PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study is to solve and develop anonline Job Portal where applicants easily find jobs and employer can find suitable candidates for the jobs.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The researcher is concerned with an Online Job Portal, Scopes for the system are as follows: –
1.    Maintain Job Seeker and Employer records
2.    Maintain uploaded Resumes
3.    Provide Customized Job Postings
4.    Maintain Job Posting details and generate various reports.
1.5   ORGANIZATION OF STUDY
Chapter Two reviews the related literature under the following sub-headings: Online Job System, the review of the site, Implementation of the new mode of searching and applying for jobs, etc.
Chapter Three handles the System Methodology Analysis and Design as follows:
Introduction, the User Interface, Hardware and Software requirements,  user documentation, system backup, system maintenance, etc.
Chapter four is concerned with the system implementation and programming.
Chapter Five comprises of summary, conclusion and recommendation.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
During the cause of the research work, I encountered different challenges –
1.    Unavailability of Study Materials– had slight problems with finding materials to use and carry out this project, had to source outside the school library.
2.    Time– combining my academics with this research work was a major limitation, since the semester has much school activities.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Graduate: Refers to someone who has been the subject of a graduation, namely, someone who has completed the requirements of an academic degree.
Company: A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity made up of an association of people, be they natural,  legal, or a mixture of both, for carrying on a commercial or industrial enterprise.
Recruitment: Recruitment refers to the overall process of attracting, shortlisting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates for jobs within an organization.
Administrator: A person who dispenses or administers something.
Job: A task or piece of work, especially one that is paid.
Portal: An internet site providing access or links to other sites.
Applicants: A person who makes a formal application for something, especially a job.
CV (CURRICULUM VITAE): A brief account of a person’s education, qualifications, and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application.
Qualifications: A pass of an examination or an official completion of a course, especially one conferring status as a recognized practitioner of a profession or activity.
Record: A number of related items of information which are handled as a unit.

ABSTRACT
This study investigated online hospital management system as a tool to revolutionize medical profession. With many writers decrying how patients queue up for hours in order to receive medical treatment, and some end-up being attended to as „spillover‟, the analyst investigated the manual system in detail with a view to finding out the need to automate the system. Subsequently, a computer-aided program was designed to bring about improvement in the care of individual patients, taking the advantage of computer speed, storage and retrieved facilities. The software designed will take care of patient‟s registration, billing, treatment and payments
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The goal of any system development is to develop and implement the system cost effectively; user-friendly and most suited to the user‟s analysis is the heart of the process. Analysis is the study of the various operations performed by the system and their relationship within and outside of the system. During analysis, data collected on the files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Krishna medical center, luck now (K. M. C.) is a prestigious hospital situated in the heart of Hazrat Genj with a very large patient capacity. This number is increasing at a rapid pace with each passing day. The management of the hospital is concerned with the increasing effort in keeping records of the patient and recording their activities.
Health is generally said to be wealth. It takes healthy people to generate the wealth the nation requires for the general well-being of its people. There is therefore the need for adequate Medicare especially in the area of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Since there is a good relationship between the job output and health of the workers, a good Medicare is vital.
Unfortunately, in most developing nation (including Nigeria), this adequate Medicare is lacking due to how standard of technological know-how and manual handling of most medical problems. As observed by Lyiama H.C. and D.C. Chukwu, “very often, people in developing countries who are critically ill are rushed abroad for special treatment because it is felt that Medicare facilities at home are inadequate.
This is partly because computer – aided Medicare has become a reality in many developed countries”. It is also a known fact that the production of qualified medical doctors and other medical personnel and consultants in on the increase, but his is not enough to meet the health needs of the increasing population. The ratio of patients to a doctor is still high. This situation creates problems, because proper and adequate medical attention of patients is far-fetched. Nowadays, the low-income class is mostly affected. Doctors hurry over their duties in order to attend to all the patients. At the end of the day, they are tired and over worked.
Considering the rate of population growth the medical care and facilities available, and the health needs of the people, computer-aided Medicare is in evitable for more accurate. Furthermore with the present shift to an information society, it is necessary to anticipate the future use of a sophisticated electronic machine the computer.
This is necessary because the computer is rapidly finding its way into every field of human endeavor, including medicine. Its application includes patient care and protection, clinical administration, intensive monitoring during emergencies, surgical operations, diagnosis and automation of medical records.
For instance, during a complex surgical operation as exemplified by Lyiama and Chukwu, “the computer monitors person being operated on, revealing all vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, breathing rate, etc) of interest to the doctors in the theatre, thus helping them to be more accurate and effective in what they are doing. Such a patient monitoring system can be with a video Display Unit (VDU), a keyboard for interactive inputs and an alarm”. The wide range of the use of computer is due to its versatility as a data processing machine and its ability to do things including complicated tasks faster, better and more accurately than human beings would.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed that to receive medical treatment in most of our hospitals, the patients queue up for several hours from one unit of the hospital to another starting from obtaining a new hospital folder, or retrieving an old one before consulting a doctor, to the laboratory unit for lab test then to the pharmacy to get the prescribed drugs and so on. With the manual processes involved in handling the patient most of them waste the whole day in the hospital. Very often, patients leave their homes very early in the morning in order to be among the first group to see the doctor. Otherwise, they may end up wasting the whole day without due attention.
This situation is discouraging to most patients and sometimes forces them to turn to non-professionals or even resort to self-medication for quick recovery.
Moreover, the volume of work for the hospital personnel is much. Patients outnumber the doctors, nurses and other medical personnel that too much are required from them. In this regard, to examine all his patients for the day the doctor hurries over his work without adequate attention and expertise to his clients. Still, at the end of the day he is exhausted. In addition to this, the diagnosis and prescription depend on the doctor‟s memory and drug of choice. Their brains are often loaded with different diseases, signs and symptoms, complications and various drugs for their treatment and so on. Some of which are very similar. To remember and process these huge information in his clinical work is very tasking. For this reason accurate diagnosis and prescription may not always be obtained. The keeping and retrieval of accurate records on patients are poorly carried out in most of our hospitals. Files may be misplaced; the record in them may be wrongly filled. Hence, it is not easy to obtain accurate and timely information or data.
This is also the case with obtaining other medical information and data especially when new folders and numbers are obtained each year.
Finally, the keeping of folder for each patient manually takes a lot of time and money and some of the information are redundant. All these have net effect of loss of lives and inefficiency on the part of management.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on the following objectives:
1. To examine the current procedures employed in our hospitals with regards to patients admission, diagnosis and treatment.
2. To examine the associated problem(s) or flaws in the current system
3. To improve on the already existing system by designing an efficient practical patient billing software, this is aimed at an accurate, faster and reliable patient‟s information system.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is limited to patient‟s admission information system including treatments, bills and payments.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
This project covers all aspect of Medical system with regards to patient‟s information. Due to time and financial constraint, the software developed excluded laboratory units.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The computerized system will be able to compute children abused over recent years, store complainant and offenders’ records for easy retrieval, since is the system is a web-based application, it will require internet access to be enable to access information on the platform.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Several possible advantages to practical patient billing software System over paper records have been proposed which includes:
Reduction of cost: A vast amount of funds are allocated towards the health care industry. The computerized system is implemented, it will reduce the personnel cost.
Improve quality of care: The implementation of electronic health records (EHR) can help lessen patient sufferance due to medical errors and the inability of analysts to assess quality.
Promote evidence-based medicine: Computerized medical record provides access to unprecedented amounts of clinical data for research that can accelerate the level of knowledge of effective medical practices.
Realistically, these benefits may only be realized if the systems are interoperable and wide spread (for example, national or regional level) so that various systems can easily share information.
Record keeping and mobility: EHR systems have the advantages of being able to connect to many electronic medical record systems. In the current global medical environment, patients are shopping for their procedures.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Electronic Health Record– An electronic health record (EHR) (also electronic patient record (EPR) or computerized patient record) is an evolving concept defined as a systematic collection of electronic health information about individual patients or populations.
INFORMATION – Information is data, or raw facts, shaped into useful form for human use.
SYSTEM – A system is a combination or arrangement of parts to form an integrated whole, working together to achieve specific tasks. A system includes an orderly arrangement according to some common principles or rules.
Subsystem – A complex system is difficult to comprehend when considered as a whole. Therefore, the system is decomposed or factored into subsystems. Subsystems constitute the entire system. They are complete systems on their own but exit in another system called the complex system. Subsystems can be further decomposed into smaller subsystems until the smallest subsystems are of manageable size. The subsystems resulting from this process generally form hierarchical structures. In the hierarchy, a subsystem is one of a supra-system (the system above it).
Expert system: is software that uses a knowledge base of human expertise for problem solving, or clarify uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be consulted.
Hospital information system (HIS): variously also called clinical information system (CIS) is a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital. This encompasses paper-based information processing as well as data processing machines.
MIS- Management Information System is the system that stores and retrieves information and data, process them, and present them to the management as information to be used in making decision. It can also be defined as an integrated machine system that provides information to support the planning and control functions of managers in all organizations. By these definitions, MIS must serve the basic functions of management, which include planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Information systems that only support operations and do not have managerial decision making significance is not part of MIS.

ABSTRACT
The electoral system in Nigeria have had poor record in electoral process, this have been attributed to the poor registration of voters. The electoral bodies in the past were based on manual registration process, which gave room for electoral fraud mostly in the state level. Also, the state electoral bodies in Nigeria operates under a federal voters register, so the need to develop “a single, uniform, official, centralized, interactive computerized state voter registration list defined, maintained and administered at the state level is required”. This system must be electronically based and implemented and also a sustainable database for storing voters informations. This research work is based on designing and implementing an electronical voting registration system that will aid capturing accurate voter’s information, and store this information on a database.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page                      
                                                                     Certification page                                                              
                Approval page                                                                         
          Dedication                                                                                      
    Acknowledgement                                                                             
Abstract                                                                                            
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE: WEB BASED VOTERS REGISTRATION
1.0 Introduction       
                                                                          1.1 Background of the project                                                          
1.2 Statement of problem                                                                       
    1.3 Aim and objectives of the study                                                  
1.4 Scope of the study                                                                      
1.5 Limitation of the study                                                               
1.6 Significance of the study                                                             
1.7 Definition of terms                                                                      
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction                                                                                
  2.1 Review of related works                                                            
2.2 Electronic voters registration system and methods                     
2.3 Paper-based electronic voting system                                         
2.4 Direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting system                        
2.5 Electronic ballots                                                                        
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.0 Introduction                                                                               
3.1 Description and analysis of the existing system                              
      3.2 Fact finding method/methodology                                                        
3.3 Present procedures                                                                     
3.4 Information flow diagram                                                           
3.5 Input, output and process analysis                                                  
     3.5.1 Input analysis                                                                          
3.5.2 Output analysis                                                                       
3.5.3 Process Analysis                                                                      
3.5.4 Program flowchart                                                                           
   3.5.5 Program dataflow/processing flowchart                                  
3.6 Problems of the current system                                                   
3.7 Justification for the new system                                                  
CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.0 Introduction                                                                               
4.1 System requirements                                                                         
    4.1.1 Hardware requirements                                                            
4.1.2 Software requirements                                                             
4.1.3 Operational requirement                                                          
4.1.4 Personnel requirement                                                             
4.2 Data sources                                                                               
4.3 Implementation procedure                                                          
4.3.1 Design standard                                                                       
4.3.2 Program design                                                                        
4.3.3 User training – an overview                                                     
4.3.4 Cut over process                                                                      
CHAPTER FIVE:SYSTEM TESTING AND INTEGRATION
5.0 Introduction                                                                                
5.1 System Testing                                                                                 
     5.2 Component                                                                                 
5.3 Purpose                                                                                             
    5.4 Pseudocode                                                                                 
CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
6.0 Introduction                                                                                
6.1 Summary                                                                                    
6.2 Recommendations                                                                       
6.3 Conclusion                                                                                  
References                                                                                         
Appendix                                                                                               
CHAPTER ONE: WEB BASED VOTERS REGISTRATION
1.0 Introduction
States across the country are increasingly adopting online voter registration to reduce costs, enhance government efficiency, and build more complete and accurate voter lists. This expansion has yielded a diverse and growing collection of best practices and problem-solving strategies for electronic systems and their implementation. This work intends to present a web based voters registration system.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) origin can be traced back to the period before independence when the Electoral commission of Nigeria was established to conduct the 1959 elections. The Federal Electoral Commission (FEC), established in 1960 conducted the immediate post-independence federal and regional elections of 1964 and 1965. The electoral body was dissolved after the military coup of 1966. In 1978, the federal electoral commission was constituted by the regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, organizing the elections of 1979 which ushered in the Nigerian second Republic under the leadership of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. It also conducted the general elections of 1983 (David, 2006).
In December 1995, the military Government elections of General Sani Abacha established the Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON) which conducted another set of elections. These elected institutions were not inaugurated before the sudden death of General Abacha on June 1998 aborted the process. The electoral commission of Nigeria (NECON) was in 1998 dissolved by the then Head of State General Abdulsalani Abukakar’s administration who then established the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). INEC organized the transitional elections in 1999 that ushered in the Nigerian fourth Republic Establishment of state independent Electoral commissions (SIECs) was provided for by the 1999 constitution of the federal Republic of Nigeria, which states in section 197(1) “there shall be established for each state of the federation , the state independent Electoral Commission who composition and power are set out in part II of the third schedule to this constitution”. It is therefore in line with this constitutional provision that the Rivers State House in may 2000, established the Rivers State Independent Electoral Commission (RSIEC) and the commission have successfully conducted two states elections for Local Government Chairman and Councilors elections. On the 27th of November, 2007, the current board of commissioners where appointed by the Governor of Rivers State, Rt. Hon. Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi. This present commissioners have Professor Nimi D. Briggs, OON as the chairman and chief electoral commissioner. The commission on the 11thJanuary, 2008 presented their electoral guidelines alone side the code of conduct. According to the Law, section 5 (c) of the RSIEC Law No. 2 of 2001 as amended by RSIEC law No. 6 of 2007 outlined the functions of the commission as follows (Anderson, 2008).
1.     To organize, undertake and supervise all elections to Local Government and Councils within the state
2.     To render some advice as it may consider necessary to the Independent National Electoral Commission on the compilation of the register of voters.
3.     To provide guidelines to political parties stipulating the rules and procedure for electioneering campaigns for Local Government election.
4.     To appoint, Train and Assign ad-hoc staff in staff in each polling unit to assist with the taking of the poll.
5.     To conduct and supervise all parties primaries and referenda within the state.
6.     To ensure that the dates, times and places of public election and referenda are fixed and that they are publicized and that elections are held accordingly within the state.
7.     To announce the result of all elections within the state.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Lack of credible voters register has been widely criticized by Nigerians as the curse of electoral lapses in the electoral system. The voters register is been organized by the Independent National Electoral Commission which is the National body. The State Independent Electoral Commission must depend on INEC for their voters register. These denials the state independent electoral commission the opportunity to manage their voters registers. In most cases, states have to wait for INEC to provide the voters register before they can conduct state elections. This constitutes a big problem to conducting a free and fair election at state levels. The register of voters as provided by independent National Electoral Commission was deficient in several respects (Hardy, 2014).
1.     Some units did not have the name of any voter on the register (the so-called zero units) and yet there were people in those units who had authentic voter’s card.
2.     Many persons who turned up with authentic voter’s cards did not have their names on the register of voters.
3.     Names of voters were swapped between units and wards that were unrelated.
4.     Missing photography’s and mismatch of photographs with the names on the register.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this study is to design and implement an electronic voter’s registration system for credible elections within state levels.
 Therefore, the specific objectives are as follow;
1. To develop a system that will carryout basic information/management functions of  voter registration database (VRD).
2. To implement an electronic device that will add up individuals to the list and maintaining the list during voting period.
3. To design a system that will source data for poll books (list of eligible voters in localities for use at polling units).
4. To develop software for state voter registration systems that assists local election officials in conducting elections.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is centered on design and implementation of voters registration system. The scope will focus on State Independent Electoral Commission (SIEC) to use electronic device in capturing voter’s information. The design will cover some security issues like capturing the picture of the electorates for validation during election.
1.5  Limitations of the Study
This research work was limited to developing a database for storing state voters register. Therefore, it will not cover national voters register. Due to time constraint, program developed covers functionality like voter’s cards verification and adding individuals to the list. 1.6 Significance of the Study The significance of this work cannot be overemphasized. This is because the project work will be of benefits in a good number of ways such as conducting credible elections within the state level. It will also enable the state electoral body to achieve the followings.
1.     Conduct free and fair election within the state
2.     Maintain a state voters register electronically
3.     Determine the voting strength of the state
4.     Eliminate disenfranchising electorates

ABSTRACT
The antenatal unit in the outpatient department of any hospital letters for medical advices and treatments to expectant mothers before delivery. Antenatal care is all about material and fetal care, to see that the baby is developing without malformation and giving mothers advice as to what to eat, type of exercise needed scanning and pathology rest. In Nigeria today, it is estimated that at least 90% of the expectant mothers receive antenatal care, and with such a large number of people receiving this service, data is collected manually with pen, which makes it a long process and cumbersome to search specific records during emergencies and analysis of data for proper decision making. Therefore, there is a need for an antenatal management information system. The software is sectioned into registration, triage and consultation. The records officer handles registration of patients, viewing and printing patient statistics. All these processes happen in real time as the system is designed to overcome the problems identified in the current antenatal management information system. The interfaces for the new system were implemented using PHP, Bootstrap and JavaScript. The database used is MySQL. After the implementation, the new system was then tested and validated.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An information system provides information for decision makers in any organization, which are required for the great functions of planning coordinating and controlling, therefore it is necessary to discover an adequate means of making the information available to everyone concerned, this is because for decision to be made correctly and timely the information must be consistent, accurate and reliable (just-in-time) to affect the operation for which it is being provided. Thus, this project work design and implementation of a computerized information system of Antenatal care is aimed of provided necessary information about all operations. The antenatal unit which are very necessary for proper control and coordination of the unit.
The case study of the project work is Parklane General Hospital. The Antenatal unit is an aspect of the outpatient department. The Antenatal unit is in charge of carrying for material and fetal wellbeing before childbirth. This section of the hospital is facing hitches presently due to the manual method of information processing, as most pregnant mother don’t enjoy good and timely services. Presently apart from time leg, the case study meet it objectives any way, but not reliably and timely.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 The major function of the Antenatal unit is to cater for material and fetal wellbeing until childbirth, which is why the pregnant mother visits the unit. This is the project work is on design implementation of an antenatal information system that will help in timely and useful information processing with its case study as the Park Lane Specialist Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
There are setbacks in information dissemination and flow in park lane Specialist Hospital Antenatal unit thus the research felt the need to embark on this study in other to identify and provide solutions to those setback as the objectives of the work include. The work will create on awareness of the ideal contents of Antenatal care which include: Preconception counseling, Assessment of risk factors, Assessment of fetal wellbeing etc.
i. The work will be able to provide information on educating especially first time pregnant mothers about normal discomforts of pregnancy, Emotional aspects (including postnatal depression so that these mothers are being reassured and fears driver away.
ii. The study will be able to incorporate a software that can keep track of information about Antenatal patients and their History (medical examinations)
iii. The study will be able to clear the doubts of the relevance of Antenatal care.
iv. And lastly the work is centered on educating mothers, providing information to health care agents and the antenatal unit for proper information flow.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work only covers the provision of information related to the Antenatal unit of the outpatient department of the hospital.
1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The aims and objectives of the system are to:
i. Enhance information availability to doctors about patients and to Antenatal patients about antenatal care.
ii. To enhance access to information about Antenatal patients i.e. quick information retrieval and adequate storage.
iii. Automate Antenatal mother registration in the Hospital
iv. Provide an accurate, Reliable and desire information for the management, patients of Parklane specialist hospital and also provide a best way of information processing retrieval and storage for future reference.

ABSTRACT
The necessity of a low cost electronic home security system designed in co-ordination with other security measures is always there in our society to reduce the risk of home intrusion. Keeping this problem in mind, we are working on a project on automatic password based control system which is technology is based on access control system. We want to utilize the electronic technology to build an integrated and fully customized home security system at a reasonable cost.
This is the design and construction of access control system which is use in locking or switching on and off a password based design through a microcontroller (at89s52) for example creating a password system to make led on and off when the write password is entered
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page                                                                                         
Certification page                                                                              
Approval page                                                                                  
Dedication                                                                                         
Acknowledgement                                                                             
Abstract                                                                                            
Table of content                                                                                
CHAPTER ONE
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study                                                             
1.2 Statement of problem                                                                          
  1.3 Aim and objective                                                                       
1.4 Scope of the project                                                                    
1.4 Scope of study                                                                                     
  1.5 Significance of the project                                                          
1.6 Project limitations                                                                       
1.7 Definition of importance terms                                                   
1.8 Project report organizations                                                        
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Origin of the project                                                                    
2.2 Types of digital                                                                          
2.3 How it works                                                                              
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project specification                                                                    
3.2 Concept review                                                                           
3.3 Block diagram of the project                                                       
3.3.1 Functions of each block                                                               
3.4 Design program flow chart                                                                   
3.5.1 Analysis of the flow chart diagram                                          
CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGNIMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
 4.1 Project resource centre                                                               
4.1.1 Choice of material                                                                    
4.2 Circuit diagram of the design                                                     
4.2.1 Circuit diagram analysis                                                                  
   4.3 Design implementation steps                                                      
4.3.1 Component listing                                                                   
4.4 Component analysis and descriptions                                        
4.4.1 Diode rectifier                                                                          
4.4.2 Transistors                                                                               
4.4.3 Battery power supply and Lm7805                                         
4.4.4 Led                                                                                           
4.4.5 Microcontroller (Atme189s52)                                                
4.4.6 Resistors                                                                                  
4.5 Component gathering                                                                 
4.5.1 Component testing                                                                   
4.6 Design steps                                                                                
4.6.1 Component placing and wiring                                                         
4.6.2 Component soldering                                                                        
4.7 Embedded software integration                                                  
4.7.1 Programming language                                                                    
   4.7.2 Programming steps                                                                  
4.7.3 Design program source code                                                    
4.7.4 Compilation of the source code (Language-assembly-hexadecimal or machine code)                                                                                                   
4.7.5 Burning of the hex file into the microcontrollers                     
4.7.6 Inserting the microcontroller into the hardware design            
4.8 Circuit test                                                                                  
4.9 Packaging                                                                                    
4.10 Design test and error corrections                                                       
  4.11 Final test                                                                                   
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary                                                                                    
5.2 Problem encounter                                                                      
5.3 Suggestion for further design                                                      
5.4 Recommendation                                                                        
5.5 Conclusion                                                                                 
          Reference                                                                                 
          Appendix                                                                                
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Traditional lock systems using mechanical lock and key mechanism are being replaced by new advanced techniques of locking system. These techniques are an integration of mechanical and electronic devices and highly intelligent. One of the prominent features of these innovative lock systems is their simplicity and high efficiency. Such an automatic lock system consists of electronic control assembly which controls the output load through a password. This output load can be a motor or a lamp or any other mechanical/electrical load.
An electronic lock (or electric lock) is a locking device which operates by means of electric current. Electric locks are sometimes stand-alone with an electronic control assembly mounted directly to the lock. Electric locks may be connected to an access control system, the advantages of which include: key control, where keys can be added and removed without re-keying the lock cylinder; fine access control, where time and place are factors; and transaction logging, where activity is recorded. Electronic locks can also be remotely monitored and controlled, both to lock and unlock.
Many times we forgot to carry the key of our home. Or sometimes we come out of our home and door latch closes by mistake. In these cases it is really difficult to get inside the house. This project is designed to solve this purpose. Main concept behind this project is of a door-latch opening using a password entered through keypad. As well as turning on the Buzzer when password is entered wrong for multiple times. User can change this password anytime he/she wish using a keypad.
Here we develop an electronic code lock system using 8051 microcontroller, which provides control to the actuating the load. It is a simple embedded system with input from the keyboard and the output being actuated accordingly.
This system demonstrates a password based door lock system wherein once the correct code or password is entered, the door is opened and the concerned person is allowed access to the secured area. Again if another person arrives it will ask to enter the password. If the password is wrong then door would remain closed, denying the access to the person. The main component in the circuit is 8051 controller. In this project 4×3 keypad is used to enter the password. The password which is entered is compared with the predefined password. If the entered password is correct then the system opens the door by rotating door motor and displays the status of door on LCD. If the password is wrong then door is remain closed and displays “pwd is wrong” on LCD.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Home security is one of the major needs of human race, coming to security locks electronics system has introduce different ways of protecting lives and properties by the use of password authentication, this system has one of the major electronic advanced system and can be used in different locking system. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to design and construct a digital password based locking system which is use in different places for door authentication and other form of locking system. Objectives includes:
a.     To design and create a password door locking system
b.     To implement and show how to design a password looking system
c.      To show stages involve in the design and implementation of password based system.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
A student will be show on how a digital password system works, how it can be implemented and different stages on how to design and construct a password locking door.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is important to increase the system of our various abode with a dependable security system, password system are not just used for security purpose but due to its mode of operation has being applied to car ignition lock joints and engine voltage supplied when it saves as a security system for car system. It importance does include:
a.     As a fast way to increase security intrusion protection
b.     It saves a better way to protect homes and properties by using the user personal identification system for effective protection.
c.      It also help in highly advance ones to trace treat finger tips if when trying to intruder without authentication number accuracy etc.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
a.     If not supplied the recommended voltage can keep the door lock until the voltage level is reached.
b.     It has a low authentication Barry and can be breaker by hackers.
c.      Only one password can be used which only known by the users
1.7  Definition of important terms
Keypad:  human interface numerical button to typing passwords
Microcontroller: a programmable unit that controls the whole section
Password: a set of security number or code use only by one person for security authentication
1.8  Project report organizations
Chapter one carries the introduction, aim and objective, scope of study, limitation of the work, significance and the project report organization of the work. Chapter two carries the literature review of the work along with other reviews of the project. Chapter three carries the project design methodology and steps which lead to the construction of the project.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In Enugu United Nations children fund (UNICEF) started in 1983 and “A” field office covers 10 states, The “A” field office is one of the four field offices of UNICEF in Nigeria, it was established in 1969 as a way of taking UNICEF and its programs closer to the people.
         Some international organizations that worked with developing actions in operating and expanding early childhood service had gone along way I education and care of world’s children and parent these has gone a long way in monitoring the birthrate of children.
    On the other hand, from about the three middle 1970’s there have been several types of evidence indicating growing awareness of Childs birth as a problem, this has gone a long way in monitoring birthrate in hospitals and health centres reduction in attitudes favourable to it in the global Network and the formulation of policies and law designed to curb it.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
the increasing attention to research on early brain development and on short-and long-term effects of children’s  participation in quality early childhood program along with the growing government commitment of lifelong learning in the Education for all conferences  (1990,2000) has led to growing interest in early childhood programs and services in counties around the world.
    It important in collecting accurate and useful information in about childhood service in persecutor country or region. The guidelines presented forces on two areas of particular concern for policy-makers data collection and system  monitoring. To accommodate the needs of boths developing and developed Nations we offer a number of different approaches  to data collection and monitoring. Provide practical example of data collection methods that can be used t examine courage and quality two areas that are especially important for policy-making decisions. Finally the unique demands of collecting data to be used in cross- national research.
    The major type of early childhood services in both developed and developing countries the general information about early childhood policies, indicators, and methods of data collection. The two specific example of early childhood policies, with suggest indicators for these policies and recommended methods of data collection. The next program discusses the special requirements of National data collection  if the findings are to be reported cross-nationally.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
the factors that influences the course of development with organization and its accomplishment is good to be embraced so as to ensure that adequate majors are taken to monitor birth rate the united Nation children fund (UNICEE) Enugu, till now can not keep track of its registered new born babies accurately but gets its data nod information through National.
    Population commission due to the fact that they don’t take birth rate monitoring as a particular sector to monitor, but also emphasis  on other aspect concerning children such as  their right Education. Lack of sophisticated machine for the purpose rather it uses the old system to monitor work, the negligence has made report to parents and the National population commission.
    Although the National Populating commission being represented at the hospital by one of its staff to be manually taking  record of event so as to enable the National population commission have on to up-to data records of every newly born baby.
    Thus, its necessary for the health institution to introduce on information system that would be used for the recording of event regarding and complication related to pregnancy. 
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
the purpose of the study is to design an on line information system that would help to solve all the problems encountered in this health institution while monitoring pregnant parents and development of effective child labour intentions and prisons of important tools of study  birthrate.

    the study will be of immense importance health institution through the united Nation children fund (UNICEF) Enugu not only them but other health institution that would want to embank of online birth rate information monitoring system. The objective can be as follows:- a)  Generation of valid and reliable quantitative data on child     labour.
b). serving as a monitor and regulatory on line information system to check the mistake associated with adulterated birth registration.
c). for the development of effective child-labour interventions  and provision of important for designing, implementing and monitoring effective policies and programmes on child-labour
d). Increases the scope of the computer application in our health institution.
e). Assist the national population commission in the provision of numbers of newly born babies into the nation.
f). Increases importance to the nation with the objective of keeping track of newly born babies so as to avoid poverty.
g). Making birth registration easy and cheap for the beneficiaries as regards to its manual method.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
the study of this project was suppose to include birth and death rate of child, that is the registration of death of citizen and that of birth of citizen but for obvious reason, the scope is limited to birthrate monitoring information online system with a case  study of united Nation children fund (UNICEF) Enugu.
    The survey which had a national coverage, including the 36 states of the federation including the federal capital territory it was design to investigate all aspect of work carried out by children and pregnant mothers.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Data:    A collection of unorganized facts.
De bugging: The process of eliminating error in software or in     the system.   
Diskette:    A small plastic disk coated with a magnetizerable     substance and encased in plastic jacket of ten referred to   as floppy disk.
  End-user: Any person who uses information technology to perform his/her sub.
Field:   A basic unit of data usually put of the record located on input output or storage medium
 File:   collection of related records.
Hardware:   physical equipment or trice in a computer   system
Information: meanful data or processed data
Input: To access data from an external device and place them     into a computer memory  Management: processes by which artain   basic function in     organization is performed 
Menu:    display presented by a section of a program that     permits the user to control the order of execution of other     modules in the program.
Module: In programming a solution component representing a     processing function  will  be carried out by a computer.
On-lines:    computer support equipment is currently set up so     that it can transmit data to communicate mediation
 Surgeon:    This is a person that is qualified to be called but     specializes on operation of the womb etc.
Assistance:  He helps the surgeon in the theater
Book of like:    this is a very big book contain information      about birth

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm of computing which has evolved in recent times, it’s a platform where hardware and software are delivered to users in a manner that resembles the way utilities such as electricity are delivered to households today (Flanagan, 2002).
Cloud computing is an online form of computing where users can access applications (especially, Web-Based Applications) via a web-browser, while the application is installed and stored on a data center which comprises several servers.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cloud in computing domaindescribes the use of a collection of services, applications, information, and infrastructureswhich comprises pools of virtualization technology, disk storage, inexpensive servers, and network. These components can be rapidly orchestrated, provisioned, implemented, commissioned and scaled up or down providing for an on-demand utility-like model of allocations and consumption. As the users increasingly demand to satisfy their immediate information needs, the cloud has become a preferred platform to deliver such information. However, in cloud computing, cloud does not just only include data pipes, routers, and servers, it also involves providing services and capabilities to build applications. The importance of cloud computing has emerge as the bedrock of modern information system which can neither be overemphasized nor overlooked. An enterprise cloud computing is a controlled, internal place that offers rapid and flexible provisioning of compute power, storage, software, and security services.
In these age of complex business intelligence and big-data enterprise, enterprise cloud computing has corroborate with enterprise web applications which now serves as core business model that manages full-fledged collaborative workflow-based applications, spanning multiple individuals, small scale business, IT inclined and non-inclined large scale businesses as well asorganizations. Cloud enables enterprises to unleash their potential for innovation through greater intelligence, creativity, flexibility and efficiency, all at reduced cost.  
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Cloud computing as a new innovation and ultimate solution for utility and distributed computing on Web Applications has been used by billions of users across the globe since its inception. Its implementation and impact cut across several fields, disciplines and businesses acrossthe globe. Nevertheless, cloud computing have been bedeviled by certain obstacles, the goal of this research study is to discern the factors affecting performance andprovide some solutions or guidelines to cloud users that might run into performance problems:
1.     Integrity and protection of information deployed or stored in the cloud domain as oppose the traditional approach of information storage.
2.     Ability to transform data from diverse sources into intelligence and deliver intelligence information to right users and systems.
3.     The need for load balancing and traffic control when multiple users access the cloud service.
4.     Need to address the scalability issue: Large scale data, high performance computing, automaton, response time, rapid prototyping, and rapid time to production.
5.     Security, privacy and trust issues from the end users of cloud services.
6.     Adopting cloud as a platform to enhance a vibrant business intelligence environment.
1.4     Aim and Objectives
The aim of the research work is to design a cloud based document management and resource sharing system that provides solution to factors affecting performance, security and reliability in the cloud computing domain. This research study has the following objectives:
1.     To offer a controlled approach for the problem of security, privacy and trust issues from the end users of cloud services.
2.     To offer benchmark for the amount of resources users can store in the cloud service which solves the problem of scalability and load balancing.
3.     To offer provision of on-demand utility to users of the cloud service at a quick response time.
1.5     Significance of the Study
The application of Information technology cuts across every facet of human endeavor (Izevbizua, 2013).  The significance of this research study is:
1.     It offers guarantee on the quality of cloud computing services.
2.     It offers an easy information sharing platform for the users.
3.     It highlights and solves the problem of multi-tenancy (where a single application instance may serve hundreds of users or subscribers).
4.     It offers a measured security of information stored in the cloud domain.  
1.6 Limitations of the Study
This study is constrained by certain factors which constitute limitations of the study: 1.     The problem of data size limit assign to subscribers of the system may not allow users to deploy as much resources as they desire to store and share among other users.
2.     The expense of acquiring a space on the cloud service provider was tasking initially. This lead to the concentration of the study to some restricted scope.
3.     The measure of resource security within the cloud domain may not suit users; which gives room for improvement of resource security in further research.
  1.7     Organization of the Work
This research study is organized in the following chapters:
1.     Chapter one deals with the Introduction, which includes Background of Study, Statement of problems, Aims and Objectives, Significance of Study, Limitations of Study, Organization of Study, Definition of Terms.
2.     Chapter two reviews related literature of the research study.
3.     Chapter three highlights the system analysis and design.
4.     Chapter four deals with the implementation of the system developed.
5.     Chapter five gives an exhaustive conclusion of the research work.
  1.8     Definition of Terms
1.     Server: It is any combination of hardware or software designed to provide services to clients.
2.     Client: It requests and consumes the services provided by another having the role of server.
3.     Virtualization: It is the ability to separate the OS from the hardware that operates it.
4.     Private Cloud: It is an approach for designing, implementing and managing servers, applications and data center resources by reducing complexity, increasing standardization and automation, and provide elasticity.
5.     Web Application: It is any software application that depends on the Web for its correct execution.
6.     PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a server-side scripting language designed for web development as well as general purpose programming language.
7.     DBMS: Database Management System is a computerized record keeping system that comprises collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time.

ABSTRACT
          Designing and implementation are learnt in this project.
          Computer science course is relatively a new subject, its importance cannot be our emphasized with respect to the designing and implementation in word processing packages either in science, engineering, military business, industry and government.
          Rate of processing of a proposed form, certification and designing of word  processor even if they design the rate of implementing is very low, since it involves writing it, which is done manually. An introduction of the designer of the simple word processor was carried out and also displayed to introduced the users the make of the operation of the simple word processor.
          After the  message is displayed, it is made to wait on the screen till one has enough time to record it after which the user presses they key to continue if there is any need to press the key
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Abstract
Table of contents
Chapter one
1.0        Introduction
1.1     Background
1.2        Statement of problem
1.3        Objectives of study
1.4        Categories of computer system
Chapter two
2.0        Literature review
2.1     Origin of simple word processor
2.1.0   How simple word processor helps to know where we are going
2.2        Development and need of simple word processor
2.3        Needs of simple word processor
2.4        Simple word processor.
Chapter three
3.0        System analysis
3.1     Analysis of existing system
3.2        System specification
3.3        Proposed system
Chapter four
4.0        System design
4.1     Conservation flow diagram
4.2        Program design and packaging
4.3        Error handling
4.4        Creating screen design;
4.5        Mapset end
4.6        Managing storage from the program
4.7        Screen design and menu
Chapter five
5.0        Implementation
5.1     Program flowchart
5.2        Pseudocode
5.3        Source program
5.4        Test run
Chapter six
6.0        Documentation
6.1       Program compatibility
6.2        Requirements
6.3        Running the program
Chapter seven
7.1        Summary
7.2        Conclusion
7.3        Recommendation
References.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This can guide us as we explain the system, since computer science is a new course. It’s importance can’t be over emphasized with respect to designing and implementation in text editing package which could be in science, engineering, business or government etc.
          Consequently, computers are becoming indispensable. This is obviously true in developed countries like Nigeria is gradually being gravitated into computer oriented society with professional like engineers, analysts, designer etc. this might being enormous emphasis on design and implementation of some parts in the computer as well as the electronic circuits.
          We have to design this simple text editor and word processing package and at least come out with an output design from a computer system that could serve as a tepping stone towards building of other text editing and simple word processing package and took more promising in the near future.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Processing data of all sorts is relatively low, since it involve writing which is done manually. Misusing it computer keyboard, and lack of cohesion on the part of users, frequently do occur. It is well noted that there are sometimes.
Unnecessary delays and difficult routine papers works, which are, involved in simple word processing and text editing.
          As these things are brought to light, there is then a need to design our own self-satisfactory package that could be used to carry out these functions by al users. These objectives could be reached by integrating the existing system into the proposed system and package.
1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
          Since, a simple word processor act as that part of a computer system that receives and stores instruction and data, performs arithmetic and logic operations and directs the actions of input and output devices a statistical data assembled by a typical computer expert is enormous and the processing the job is tasking and inefficient. The implementation of computers that will enhance the efficiency of the processing of the statistical data is highly desirable. The power and flexibility of computers in handling and processing various types of data and also for accurately calculation of complex equation are great assets in the effective management at of computerizes. Through intensive research we know that problem of delay in the computer will take of at least to a reasonable extent to enhance efficiency, accuracy and speed processing.    
1.4    CATEGORIES OF COMPTUER SYSTEM
          The most distinguishing characteristics is its computing capacity (sizes) computer had been classified as microcomputers, minicomputer, mainframe computer and super computer etc. rapid advances in computer technology have brought what used to be distinguishing characteristics (size, cost memory-capacity etc).
1.4.1 MICRO COMPUTER
A microcomputer is a small computer. A keyboard, video monitor, and memory were attached to the microprocessor. The computer and its peripheral devices are called the computers system configuration of a microcomputer can vary. It consist of a computer keyboard for out put.           Monitor for soft-copy (temporary) output printer for hard-copy (printed) output one or two disk drives for permanent storage of data, some of the popular, add on-board are:-
-                      Ram
-                      Colour and graphics adapter
-                      Modern
-                      Internal battery-power clock/calculator
-                      Hard disk
-                      UCR back up
-                      Fax

1.4.2 MINI COMPUTER
Mini computer has been described in terms of physical size, they are smallish computers that serves several users with several monitors called terminals connected to it or interms of its physical size, it can be it processing capability, the number of people that could be served simultaneously, memory capacities, the type of technology used in the processor environmental requirement. Each leap in technological innovation and the passages of time have obscured whatever clear cut destination could be made between mini and mainframe, but the way they are used, make them more like mainframe than micros. So even though some of the mare powerful micro service multiple users can look very much like small minis, we describe the minicomputer simply as the smallest.
1.4.3 THE WAY WE USE COMPUTER
Limitation system/data processing. The bulk of existing computer is dedicated to information system and data computer is dedicated to information system and computer processing.
The category includes all uses of computers that support the administr4ation aspect of an organization e.g payrol system, airtime reservation system, student registration system etc.
          Personnel computing: individual and companies are purchasing small inexpensive microcomputer, for a variety of business and domestic applications. A microcomputer system easily sits on a desktop and can be controlled by one person. The productivity tools for these are:
-                      Word processing
-                      Desktop publishing
-                      Electronic spreadsheet
-                      Data base
-                      Presentation graphics.

ABSTRACT
A Text-to-speech application is a synthesizer software that converts text into spoken word, by analyzing and processing the text using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and then using Digital Signal Processing (DSP) technology to convert this processed text into synthesized speech representation of the text. The vision impaired students makes a lot of mistake during typing because they just assume whatever there are typing is right, this lead to the development of Text-To-Speech application. Here, we developed a useful text-to-speech synthesizer in the form of a simple application that converts inputted text into synthesized speech and reads out to the user which can then be saved as an mp3.file. Observation and interview were deployed to gather information used in developing this material. The development of a text to speech synthesizer will be of great help to people with visual impairment and make making through large volume of text easier.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
As our society farther expands, there have been many supports for second class citizens, disabled. One of many supports that is urgent is the guarantee of mobility for blind people. There has been many efforts but even now, it is not easy for blind people to independently move. As electronic technologies have improved, a research about Electrical Aided: EA for blind people has started. With a current product, Human Tech of Japan developed Navigation for blind people, using GPS and cell phone. This system is consisted of cell phone of the user (blind people), a subminiature of GPS receiver, a magnetic direction sensor, a control unit and speech synthesis equipment with PC of base station. Text-To-Speech has been available for decades (since 1939). Unfortunately, quality of the output-especially in terms of naturalness-has historically been sub-optimal. Terms such as “robotic” have been used to describe synthetic speech. Recently, the overall quality of Text-To-Speech from some vendors has dramatically improved. Quality is now evident not only in the remarkable naturalness of inflection and intonation, but also in the ability to process text such as numbers, abbreviations and addresses in the appropriate context. Text-to-speech (TTS) is a type of speech synthesis application that is used to create a spoken sound version of the text in a computer document, such as a help file or a Web page. TTS can enable the reading of computer display information for the visually challenged person, or may simply be used to augment the reading of a text message. Current TTS applications include voice-enabled e-mail and spoken prompts in voice response systems.
1.2  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Long before electronic signal processing was invented, there were those who tried to build machines to create human speech. Some early legends of the existence of “Brazen Heads” involved Pope Silvester II (d. 1003 AD), Albertus Magnus (11981280), and Roger Bacon (12141294). In 1779, the Danish scientist Christian Kratzenstein, working at the Russian Academy of Sciences, built models of the human vocal tract that could produce the five long vowel sounds (in International Phonetic Alphabet notation, they are [aː], [eː], [iː], [oː] and [uː]). This was followed by the bellows-operated “acoustic-mechanical speech machine” by Wolfgang von Kempelen of Pressburg, Hungary, described in a 1791 paper. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce consonants as well as vowels. According to Charles (1857), Wheatstone produced a “speaking machine” based on von Kempelen’s design, and in 1857, M. Faber built the “Euphonia”. Wheatstone’s design was resurrected in 1923 by Paget.
In the 1930s, Bell Labs developed the vocoder, which automatically analyzed speech into its fundamental tone and resonances. From his work on the vocoder, Homer Dudley developed a keyboard-operated voice synthesizer called The Voder (Voice Demonstrator), which he exhibited at the 1939 New York World’s Fair. The Pattern playback was built by Dr. Franklin S. Cooper and his colleagues at Haskins Laboratories in the late 1940s and completed in 1950. There were several different versions of this hardware device but only one currently survives. The machine converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech in the form of a spectrogram back into sound. Using this device, Allen J (2007) were able to discover acoustic cues for the perception of phonetic segments (consonants and vowels).
1.3  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The challenge that is picked up that lead to this piece of project work is that the blind find it not easy to know exactly word there are typing even though they know the key board very well, still they just assume that there are correct. At the end of the day they will find themselves making a lot of mistake in their typing works. This lead to the development of this project, Text to Speech Application.
1.4  OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this project is to create an application that will convent text to speech in order for the visually impaired student to know exactly what they are typing and presenting in the computer system. The visually impaired student will be well assured of what they are typing and know are to correct their mistake if any typographical error is their work.
1.5  SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this research work converts text into spoken word, by analyzing and processing the text using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and then using Digital Signal Processing (DSP) technology to convert this processed text into synthesized speech representation of the text.

The significance of this project work is serve as a helping tools for the vision impaired students, therefore, this goes a long way by creating a text to speech synthesis application. The blind student will use the software to voice out what they have type.
1.7  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The limitations encounter in this research work includes:
Limited time to carryout research on the subject. Not enough time to gather information for this research work.
The epileptic nature of power supply in the country. After we have gather the little material information for this work, they are shortage of power supply to organize our work.
Another limitation if Finance: doing a research work definitely needs money. Finance is one of the greatest challenges we have during this project.